1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
|
--
-- TEXT
--
SELECT text 'this is a text string' = text 'this is a text string' AS true;
true
------
t
(1 row)
SELECT text 'this is a text string' = text 'this is a text strin' AS false;
false
-------
f
(1 row)
CREATE TABLE TEXT_TBL (f1 text);
INSERT INTO TEXT_TBL VALUES ('doh!');
INSERT INTO TEXT_TBL VALUES ('hi de ho neighbor');
SELECT * FROM TEXT_TBL;
f1
-------------------
doh!
hi de ho neighbor
(2 rows)
/*
* various string functions
*/
select concat('one');
concat
--------
one
(1 row)
select concat_ws('#','one');
concat_ws
-----------
one
(1 row)
select concat_ws(',',10,20,null,30);
concat_ws
-----------
10,20,30
(1 row)
select concat_ws('',10,20,null,30);
concat_ws
-----------
102030
(1 row)
select concat_ws(NULL,10,20,null,30) is null;
?column?
----------
t
(1 row)
select reverse('abcde');
reverse
---------
edcba
(1 row)
select i, left('ahoj', i), right('ahoj', i) from generate_series(-5, 5) t(i) order by i;
i | left | right
----+------+-------
-5 | |
-4 | |
-3 | a | j
-2 | ah | oj
-1 | aho | hoj
0 | |
1 | a | j
2 | ah | oj
3 | aho | hoj
4 | ahoj | ahoj
5 | ahoj | ahoj
(11 rows)
select quote_literal('');
quote_literal
---------------
''
(1 row)
select quote_literal('abc''');
quote_literal
---------------
'abc'''
(1 row)
select quote_literal(e'\\');
quote_literal
---------------
E'\\'
(1 row)
/*
* format
*/
select format(NULL);
format
--------
(1 row)
select format('Hello');
format
--------
Hello
(1 row)
select format('Hello %s', 'World');
format
-------------
Hello World
(1 row)
select format('Hello %%');
format
---------
Hello %
(1 row)
select format('Hello %%%%');
format
----------
Hello %%
(1 row)
-- should fail
select format('Hello %s %s', 'World');
ERROR: too few arguments for format()
select format('Hello %s');
ERROR: too few arguments for format()
select format('Hello %x', 20);
ERROR: unrecognized format() type specifier "x"
HINT: For a single "%" use "%%".
-- check literal and sql identifiers
select format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L,%L)', 'mytab', 10, 'Hello');
format
----------------------------------------
INSERT INTO mytab VALUES('10','Hello')
(1 row)
select format('%s%s%s','Hello', NULL,'World');
format
------------
HelloWorld
(1 row)
select format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L,%L)', 'mytab', 10, NULL);
format
-------------------------------------
INSERT INTO mytab VALUES('10',NULL)
(1 row)
select format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L,%L)', 'mytab', NULL, 'Hello');
format
----------------------------------------
INSERT INTO mytab VALUES(NULL,'Hello')
(1 row)
-- should fail, sql identifier cannot be NULL
select format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L,%L)', NULL, 10, 'Hello');
ERROR: null values cannot be formatted as an SQL identifier
-- check positional placeholders
select format('%1$s %3$s', 1, 2, 3);
format
--------
1 3
(1 row)
select format('%1$s %12$s', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12);
format
--------
1 12
(1 row)
-- should fail
select format('%1$s %4$s', 1, 2, 3);
ERROR: too few arguments for format()
select format('%1$s %13$s', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12);
ERROR: too few arguments for format()
select format('%0$s', 'Hello');
ERROR: format specifies argument 0, but arguments are numbered from 1
select format('%*0$s', 'Hello');
ERROR: format specifies argument 0, but arguments are numbered from 1
select format('%1$', 1);
ERROR: unterminated format() type specifier
HINT: For a single "%" use "%%".
select format('%1$1', 1);
ERROR: unterminated format() type specifier
HINT: For a single "%" use "%%".
-- check mix of positional and ordered placeholders
select format('Hello %s %1$s %s', 'World', 'Hello again');
format
-------------------------------
Hello World World Hello again
(1 row)
select format('Hello %s %s, %2$s %2$s', 'World', 'Hello again');
format
--------------------------------------------------
Hello World Hello again, Hello again Hello again
(1 row)
-- check field widths and left, right alignment
select format('>>%10s<<', 'Hello');
format
----------------
>> Hello<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%10s<<', NULL);
format
----------------
>> <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%10s<<', '');
format
----------------
>> <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%-10s<<', '');
format
----------------
>> <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%-10s<<', 'Hello');
format
----------------
>>Hello <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%-10s<<', NULL);
format
----------------
>> <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%1$10s<<', 'Hello');
format
----------------
>> Hello<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%1$-10I<<', 'Hello');
format
----------------
>>"Hello" <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%2$*1$L<<', 10, 'Hello');
format
----------------
>> 'Hello'<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%2$*1$L<<', 10, NULL);
format
----------------
>> NULL<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%2$*1$L<<', -10, NULL);
format
----------------
>>NULL <<
(1 row)
select format('>>%*s<<', 10, 'Hello');
format
----------------
>> Hello<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%*1$s<<', 10, 'Hello');
format
----------------
>> Hello<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%-s<<', 'Hello');
format
-----------
>>Hello<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%10L<<', NULL);
format
----------------
>> NULL<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%2$*1$L<<', NULL, 'Hello');
format
-------------
>>'Hello'<<
(1 row)
select format('>>%2$*1$L<<', 0, 'Hello');
format
-------------
>>'Hello'<<
(1 row)
|
