path: root/contrib/python/traitlets/py3/tests/test_traitlets.py

"""Tests for traitlets.traitlets."""

# Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
# Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
#
# Adapted from enthought.traits, Copyright (c) Enthought, Inc.,
# also under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
from __future__ import annotations

import pickle
import re
import typing as t
from unittest import TestCase

import pytest

from traitlets import (
    All,
    Any,
    BaseDescriptor,
    Bool,
    Bytes,
    Callable,
    CBytes,
    CFloat,
    CInt,
    CLong,
    Complex,
    CRegExp,
    CUnicode,
    Dict,
    DottedObjectName,
    Enum,
    Float,
    ForwardDeclaredInstance,
    ForwardDeclaredType,
    HasDescriptors,
    HasTraits,
    Instance,
    Int,
    Integer,
    List,
    Long,
    MetaHasTraits,
    ObjectName,
    Set,
    TCPAddress,
    This,
    TraitError,
    TraitType,
    Tuple,
    Type,
    Undefined,
    Unicode,
    Union,
    default,
    directional_link,
    link,
    observe,
    observe_compat,
    traitlets,
    validate,
)
from traitlets.utils import cast_unicode

from ._warnings import expected_warnings


def change_dict(*ordered_values):
    change_names = ("name", "old", "new", "owner", "type")
    return dict(zip(change_names, ordered_values))


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helper classes for testing
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------


class HasTraitsStub(HasTraits):
    def notify_change(self, change):
        self._notify_name = change["name"]
        self._notify_old = change["old"]
        self._notify_new = change["new"]
        self._notify_type = change["type"]


class CrossValidationStub(HasTraits):
    _cross_validation_lock = False


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Test classes
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------


class TestTraitType(TestCase):
    def test_get_undefined(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = TraitType

        a = A()
        assert a.a is Undefined  # type:ignore

    def test_set(self):
        class A(HasTraitsStub):
            a = TraitType

        a = A()
        a.a = 10  # type:ignore
        self.assertEqual(a.a, 10)
        self.assertEqual(a._notify_name, "a")
        self.assertEqual(a._notify_old, Undefined)
        self.assertEqual(a._notify_new, 10)

    def test_validate(self):
        class MyTT(TraitType[int, int]):
            def validate(self, inst, value):
                return -1

        class A(HasTraitsStub):
            tt = MyTT

        a = A()
        a.tt = 10  # type:ignore
        self.assertEqual(a.tt, -1)

        a = A(tt=11)
        self.assertEqual(a.tt, -1)

    def test_default_validate(self):
        class MyIntTT(TraitType[int, int]):
            def validate(self, obj, value):
                if isinstance(value, int):
                    return value
                self.error(obj, value)

        class A(HasTraits):
            tt = MyIntTT(10)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.tt, 10)

        # Defaults are validated when the HasTraits is instantiated
        class B(HasTraits):
            tt = MyIntTT("bad default")

        self.assertRaises(TraitError, getattr, B(), "tt")

    def test_info(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            tt = TraitType

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(A.tt.info(), "any value")  # type:ignore

    def test_error(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            tt = TraitType[int, int]()

        a = A()
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, A.tt.error, a, 10)

    def test_deprecated_dynamic_initializer(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            x = Int(10)

            def _x_default(self):
                return 11

        class B(A):
            x = Int(20)

        class C(A):
            def _x_default(self):
                return 21

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {"x": 11})
        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.x, 20)
        self.assertEqual(b._trait_values, {"x": 20})
        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(c.x, 21)
        self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {"x": 21})
        # Ensure that the base class remains unmolested when the _default
        # initializer gets overridden in a subclass.
        a = A()
        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {"x": 11})

    def test_deprecated_method_warnings(self):
        with expected_warnings([]):

            class ShouldntWarn(HasTraits):
                x = Integer()

                @default("x")
                def _x_default(self):
                    return 10

                @validate("x")
                def _x_validate(self, proposal):
                    return proposal.value

                @observe("x")
                def _x_changed(self, change):
                    pass

            obj = ShouldntWarn()
            obj.x = 5

        assert obj.x == 5

        with expected_warnings(["@validate", "@observe"]) as w:

            class ShouldWarn(HasTraits):
                x = Integer()

                def _x_default(self):
                    return 10

                def _x_validate(self, value, _):
                    return value

                def _x_changed(self):
                    pass

            obj = ShouldWarn()  # type:ignore
            obj.x = 5

        assert obj.x == 5

    def test_dynamic_initializer(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            x = Int(10)

            @default("x")
            def _default_x(self):
                return 11

        class B(A):
            x = Int(20)

        class C(A):
            @default("x")
            def _default_x(self):
                return 21

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {"x": 11})
        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.x, 20)
        self.assertEqual(b._trait_values, {"x": 20})
        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(c.x, 21)
        self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {"x": 21})
        # Ensure that the base class remains unmolested when the _default
        # initializer gets overridden in a subclass.
        a = A()
        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
        self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
        self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {"x": 11})

    def test_tag_metadata(self):
        class MyIntTT(TraitType[int, int]):
            metadata = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

        a = MyIntTT(10).tag(b=3, c=4)
        self.assertEqual(a.metadata, {"a": 1, "b": 3, "c": 4})

    def test_metadata_localized_instance(self):
        class MyIntTT(TraitType[int, int]):
            metadata = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

        a = MyIntTT(10)
        b = MyIntTT(10)
        a.metadata["c"] = 3
        # make sure that changing a's metadata didn't change b's metadata
        self.assertNotIn("c", b.metadata)

    def test_union_metadata(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            bar = (Int().tag(ta=1) | Dict().tag(ta=2, ti="b")).tag(ti="a")

        foo = Foo()
        # At this point, no value has been set for bar, so value-specific
        # is not set.
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ta"), None)
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ti"), "a")
        foo.bar = {}
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ta"), 2)
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ti"), "b")
        foo.bar = 1
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ta"), 1)
        self.assertEqual(foo.trait_metadata("bar", "ti"), "a")

    def test_union_default_value(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            bar = Union([Dict(), Int()], default_value=1)

        foo = Foo()
        self.assertEqual(foo.bar, 1)

    def test_union_validation_priority(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            bar = Union([CInt(), Unicode()])

        foo = Foo()
        foo.bar = "1"
        # validation in order of the TraitTypes given
        self.assertEqual(foo.bar, 1)

    def test_union_trait_default_value(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            bar = Union([Dict(), Int()])

        self.assertEqual(Foo().bar, {})

    def test_deprecated_metadata_access(self):
        class MyIntTT(TraitType[int, int]):
            metadata = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

        a = MyIntTT(10)
        with expected_warnings(["use the instance .metadata dictionary directly"] * 2):
            a.set_metadata("key", "value")
            v = a.get_metadata("key")
        self.assertEqual(v, "value")
        with expected_warnings(["use the instance .help string directly"] * 2):
            a.set_metadata("help", "some help")
            v = a.get_metadata("help")
        self.assertEqual(v, "some help")

    def test_trait_types_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings(["Traits should be given as instances"]):

            class C(HasTraits):
                t = Int

    def test_trait_types_list_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings(["Traits should be given as instances"]):

            class C(HasTraits):
                t = List(Int)

    def test_trait_types_tuple_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings(["Traits should be given as instances"]):

            class C(HasTraits):
                t = Tuple(Int)

    def test_trait_types_dict_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings(["Traits should be given as instances"]):

            class C(HasTraits):
                t = Dict(Int)


class TestHasDescriptorsMeta(TestCase):
    def test_metaclass(self):
        self.assertEqual(type(HasTraits), MetaHasTraits)

        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(type(a.__class__), MetaHasTraits)
        self.assertEqual(a.a, 0)
        a.a = 10
        self.assertEqual(a.a, 10)

        class B(HasTraits):
            b = Int()

        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 0)
        b.b = 10
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 10)

        class C(HasTraits):
            c = Int(30)

        c = C()
        self.assertEqual(c.c, 30)
        c.c = 10
        self.assertEqual(c.c, 10)

    def test_this_class(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            t = This["A"]()
            tt = This["A"]()

        class B(A):
            tt = This["A"]()
            ttt = This["A"]()

        self.assertEqual(A.t.this_class, A)
        self.assertEqual(B.t.this_class, A)
        self.assertEqual(B.tt.this_class, B)
        self.assertEqual(B.ttt.this_class, B)


class TestHasDescriptors(TestCase):
    def test_setup_instance(self):
        class FooDescriptor(BaseDescriptor):
            def instance_init(self, inst):
                foo = inst.foo  # instance should have the attr

        class HasFooDescriptors(HasDescriptors):
            fd = FooDescriptor()

            def setup_instance(self, *args, **kwargs):
                self.foo = kwargs.get("foo", None)
                super().setup_instance(*args, **kwargs)

        hfd = HasFooDescriptors(foo="bar")


class TestHasTraitsNotify(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self._notify1 = []
        self._notify2 = []

    def notify1(self, name, old, new):
        self._notify1.append((name, old, new))

    def notify2(self, name, old, new):
        self._notify2.append((name, old, new))

    def test_notify_all(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            b = Float()

        a = A()
        a.on_trait_change(self.notify1)
        a.a = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.b = 0.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        self.assertTrue(("a", 0, 10) in self._notify1)
        a.b = 10.0
        self.assertTrue(("b", 0.0, 10.0) in self._notify1)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "a", "bad string")
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "b", "bad string")
        self._notify1 = []
        a.on_trait_change(self.notify1, remove=True)
        a.a = 20
        a.b = 20.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)

    def test_notify_one(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            b = Float()

        a = A()
        a.on_trait_change(self.notify1, "a")
        a.a = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        self.assertTrue(("a", 0, 10) in self._notify1)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "a", "bad string")

    def test_subclass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        class B(A):
            b = Float()

        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.a, 0)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 0.0)
        b.a = 100
        b.b = 100.0
        self.assertEqual(b.a, 100)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 100.0)

    def test_notify_subclass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        class B(A):
            b = Float()

        b = B()
        b.on_trait_change(self.notify1, "a")
        b.on_trait_change(self.notify2, "b")
        b.a = 0
        b.b = 0.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify2), 0)
        b.a = 10
        b.b = 10.0
        self.assertTrue(("a", 0, 10) in self._notify1)
        self.assertTrue(("b", 0.0, 10.0) in self._notify2)

    def test_static_notify(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            _notify1 = []

            def _a_changed(self, name, old, new):
                self._notify1.append((name, old, new))

        a = A()
        a.a = 0
        # This is broken!!!
        self.assertEqual(len(a._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        self.assertTrue(("a", 0, 10) in a._notify1)

        class B(A):
            b = Float()
            _notify2 = []

            def _b_changed(self, name, old, new):
                self._notify2.append((name, old, new))

        b = B()
        b.a = 10
        b.b = 10.0
        self.assertTrue(("a", 0, 10) in b._notify1)
        self.assertTrue(("b", 0.0, 10.0) in b._notify2)

    def test_notify_args(self):
        def callback0():
            self.cb = ()

        def callback1(name):
            self.cb = (name,)  # type:ignore

        def callback2(name, new):
            self.cb = (name, new)  # type:ignore

        def callback3(name, old, new):
            self.cb = (name, old, new)  # type:ignore

        def callback4(name, old, new, obj):
            self.cb = (name, old, new, obj)  # type:ignore

        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        a = A()
        a.on_trait_change(callback0, "a")
        a.a = 10
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ())
        a.on_trait_change(callback0, "a", remove=True)

        a.on_trait_change(callback1, "a")
        a.a = 100
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ("a",))
        a.on_trait_change(callback1, "a", remove=True)

        a.on_trait_change(callback2, "a")
        a.a = 1000
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ("a", 1000))
        a.on_trait_change(callback2, "a", remove=True)

        a.on_trait_change(callback3, "a")
        a.a = 10000
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ("a", 1000, 10000))
        a.on_trait_change(callback3, "a", remove=True)

        a.on_trait_change(callback4, "a")
        a.a = 100000
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ("a", 10000, 100000, a))
        self.assertEqual(len(a._trait_notifiers["a"]["change"]), 1)
        a.on_trait_change(callback4, "a", remove=True)

        self.assertEqual(len(a._trait_notifiers["a"]["change"]), 0)

    def test_notify_only_once(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            listen_to = ["a"]

            a = Int(0)
            b = 0

            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                super().__init__(**kwargs)
                self.on_trait_change(self.listener1, ["a"])

            def listener1(self, name, old, new):
                self.b += 1

        class B(A):
            c = 0
            d = 0

            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                super().__init__(**kwargs)
                self.on_trait_change(self.listener2)

            def listener2(self, name, old, new):
                self.c += 1

            def _a_changed(self, name, old, new):
                self.d += 1

        b = B()
        b.a += 1
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)
        b.a += 1
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)


class TestObserveDecorator(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self._notify1 = []
        self._notify2 = []

    def notify1(self, change):
        self._notify1.append(change)

    def notify2(self, change):
        self._notify2.append(change)

    def test_notify_all(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            b = Float()

        a = A()
        a.observe(self.notify1)
        a.a = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.b = 0.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        change = change_dict("a", 0, 10, a, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in self._notify1)
        a.b = 10.0
        change = change_dict("b", 0.0, 10.0, a, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in self._notify1)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "a", "bad string")
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "b", "bad string")
        self._notify1 = []
        a.unobserve(self.notify1)
        a.a = 20
        a.b = 20.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)

    def test_notify_one(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            b = Float()

        a = A()
        a.observe(self.notify1, "a")
        a.a = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        change = change_dict("a", 0, 10, a, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in self._notify1)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "a", "bad string")

    def test_subclass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        class B(A):
            b = Float()

        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.a, 0)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 0.0)
        b.a = 100
        b.b = 100.0
        self.assertEqual(b.a, 100)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, 100.0)

    def test_notify_subclass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        class B(A):
            b = Float()

        b = B()
        b.observe(self.notify1, "a")
        b.observe(self.notify2, "b")
        b.a = 0
        b.b = 0.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify2), 0)
        b.a = 10
        b.b = 10.0
        change = change_dict("a", 0, 10, b, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in self._notify1)
        change = change_dict("b", 0.0, 10.0, b, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in self._notify2)

    def test_static_notify(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()
            b = Int()
            _notify1 = []
            _notify_any = []

            @observe("a")
            def _a_changed(self, change):
                self._notify1.append(change)

            @observe(All)
            def _any_changed(self, change):
                self._notify_any.append(change)

        a = A()
        a.a = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(a._notify1), 0)
        a.a = 10
        change = change_dict("a", 0, 10, a, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in a._notify1)
        a.b = 1
        self.assertEqual(len(a._notify_any), 2)
        change = change_dict("b", 0, 1, a, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in a._notify_any)

        class B(A):
            b = Float()  # type:ignore
            _notify2 = []

            @observe("b")
            def _b_changed(self, change):
                self._notify2.append(change)

        b = B()
        b.a = 10
        b.b = 10.0  # type:ignore
        change = change_dict("a", 0, 10, b, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in b._notify1)
        change = change_dict("b", 0.0, 10.0, b, "change")
        self.assertTrue(change in b._notify2)

    def test_notify_args(self):
        def callback0():
            self.cb = ()

        def callback1(change):
            self.cb = change

        class A(HasTraits):
            a = Int()

        a = A()
        a.on_trait_change(callback0, "a")
        a.a = 10
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, ())
        a.unobserve(callback0, "a")

        a.observe(callback1, "a")
        a.a = 100
        change = change_dict("a", 10, 100, a, "change")
        self.assertEqual(self.cb, change)
        self.assertEqual(len(a._trait_notifiers["a"]["change"]), 1)
        a.unobserve(callback1, "a")

        self.assertEqual(len(a._trait_notifiers["a"]["change"]), 0)

    def test_notify_only_once(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            listen_to = ["a"]

            a = Int(0)
            b = 0

            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                super().__init__(**kwargs)
                self.observe(self.listener1, ["a"])

            def listener1(self, change):
                self.b += 1

        class B(A):
            c = 0
            d = 0

            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                super().__init__(**kwargs)
                self.observe(self.listener2)

            def listener2(self, change):
                self.c += 1

            @observe("a")
            def _a_changed(self, change):
                self.d += 1

        b = B()
        b.a += 1
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)
        b.a += 1
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
        self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)


class TestHasTraits(TestCase):
    def test_trait_names(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            f = Float()

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(sorted(a.trait_names()), ["f", "i"])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(A.class_trait_names()), ["f", "i"])
        self.assertTrue(a.has_trait("f"))
        self.assertFalse(a.has_trait("g"))

    def test_trait_has_value(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            f = Float()

        a = A()
        self.assertFalse(a.trait_has_value("f"))
        self.assertFalse(a.trait_has_value("g"))
        a.i = 1
        a.f
        self.assertTrue(a.trait_has_value("i"))
        self.assertTrue(a.trait_has_value("f"))

    def test_trait_metadata_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings([r"metadata should be set using the \.tag\(\) method"]):

            class A(HasTraits):
                i = Int(config_key="MY_VALUE")

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.trait_metadata("i", "config_key"), "MY_VALUE")

    def test_trait_metadata(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int().tag(config_key="MY_VALUE")

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.trait_metadata("i", "config_key"), "MY_VALUE")

    def test_trait_metadata_default(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int()

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.trait_metadata("i", "config_key"), None)
        self.assertEqual(a.trait_metadata("i", "config_key", "default"), "default")

    def test_traits(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            f = Float()

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f))
        self.assertEqual(A.class_traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f))

    def test_traits_metadata(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int().tag(config_key="VALUE1", other_thing="VALUE2")
            f = Float().tag(config_key="VALUE3", other_thing="VALUE2")
            j = Int(0)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))
        traits = a.traits(config_key="VALUE1", other_thing="VALUE2")
        self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i))

        # This passes, but it shouldn't because I am replicating a bug in
        # traits.
        traits = a.traits(config_key=lambda v: True)
        self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))

    def test_traits_metadata_deprecated(self):
        with expected_warnings([r"metadata should be set using the \.tag\(\) method"] * 2):

            class A(HasTraits):
                i = Int(config_key="VALUE1", other_thing="VALUE2")
                f = Float(config_key="VALUE3", other_thing="VALUE2")
                j = Int(0)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))
        traits = a.traits(config_key="VALUE1", other_thing="VALUE2")
        self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i))

        # This passes, but it shouldn't because I am replicating a bug in
        # traits.
        traits = a.traits(config_key=lambda v: True)
        self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))

    def test_init(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            x = Float()

        a = A(i=1, x=10.0)
        self.assertEqual(a.i, 1)
        self.assertEqual(a.x, 10.0)

    def test_positional_args(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            i = Int(0)

            def __init__(self, i):
                super().__init__()
                self.i = i

        a = A(5)
        self.assertEqual(a.i, 5)
        # should raise TypeError if no positional arg given
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, A)


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests for specific trait types
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------


class TestType(TestCase):
    def test_default(self):
        class B:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type(allow_none=True)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, object)

        a.klass = B
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "klass", 10)

    def test_default_options(self):
        class B:
            pass

        class C(B):
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            # Different possible combinations of options for default_value
            # and klass. default_value=None is only valid with allow_none=True.
            k1 = Type()
            k2 = Type(None, allow_none=True)
            k3 = Type(B)
            k4 = Type(klass=B)
            k5 = Type(default_value=None, klass=B, allow_none=True)
            k6 = Type(default_value=C, klass=B)

        self.assertIs(A.k1.default_value, object)
        self.assertIs(A.k1.klass, object)
        self.assertIs(A.k2.default_value, None)
        self.assertIs(A.k2.klass, object)
        self.assertIs(A.k3.default_value, B)
        self.assertIs(A.k3.klass, B)
        self.assertIs(A.k4.default_value, B)
        self.assertIs(A.k4.klass, B)
        self.assertIs(A.k5.default_value, None)
        self.assertIs(A.k5.klass, B)
        self.assertIs(A.k6.default_value, C)
        self.assertIs(A.k6.klass, B)

        a = A()
        self.assertIs(a.k1, object)
        self.assertIs(a.k2, None)
        self.assertIs(a.k3, B)
        self.assertIs(a.k4, B)
        self.assertIs(a.k5, None)
        self.assertIs(a.k6, C)

    def test_value(self):
        class B:
            pass

        class C:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type(B)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "klass", C)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "klass", object)
        a.klass = B

    def test_allow_none(self):
        class B:
            pass

        class C(B):
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type(B)

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "klass", None)
        a.klass = C
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, C)

    def test_validate_klass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type("no strings allowed")

        self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)

        class A(HasTraits):  # type:ignore
            klass = Type("rub.adub.Duck")

        self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)

    def test_validate_default(self):
        class B:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type("bad default", B)

        self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)

        class C(HasTraits):
            klass = Type(None, B)

        self.assertRaises(TraitError, getattr, C(), "klass")

    def test_str_klass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type("traitlets.config.Config")

        from traitlets.config import Config

        a = A()
        a.klass = Config
        self.assertEqual(a.klass, Config)

        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "klass", 10)

    def test_set_str_klass(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            klass = Type()

        a = A(klass="traitlets.config.Config")
        from traitlets.config import Config

        self.assertEqual(a.klass, Config)


class TestInstance(TestCase):
    def test_basic(self):
        class Foo:
            pass

        class Bar(Foo):
            pass

        class Bah:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Foo, allow_none=True)

        a = A()
        self.assertTrue(a.inst is None)
        a.inst = Foo()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
        a.inst = Bar()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Foo)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Bar)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Bah())

    def test_default_klass(self):
        class Foo:
            pass

        class Bar(Foo):
            pass

        class Bah:
            pass

        class FooInstance(Instance[Foo]):
            klass = Foo

        class A(HasTraits):
            inst = FooInstance(allow_none=True)

        a = A()
        self.assertTrue(a.inst is None)
        a.inst = Foo()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
        a.inst = Bar()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Foo)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Bar)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "inst", Bah())

    def test_unique_default_value(self):
        class Foo:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Foo, (), {})

        a = A()
        b = A()
        self.assertTrue(a.inst is not b.inst)

    def test_args_kw(self):
        class Foo:
            def __init__(self, c):
                self.c = c

        class Bar:
            pass

        class Bah:
            def __init__(self, c, d):
                self.c = c
                self.d = d

        class A(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Foo, (10,))

        a = A()
        self.assertEqual(a.inst.c, 10)

        class B(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Bah, args=(10,), kw=dict(d=20))

        b = B()
        self.assertEqual(b.inst.c, 10)
        self.assertEqual(b.inst.d, 20)

        class C(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Foo, allow_none=True)

        c = C()
        self.assertTrue(c.inst is None)

    def test_bad_default(self):
        class Foo:
            pass

        class A(HasTraits):
            inst = Instance(Foo)

        a = A()
        with self.assertRaises(TraitError):
            a.inst

    def test_instance(self):
        class Foo:
            pass

        def inner():
            class A(HasTraits):
                inst = Instance(Foo())  # type:ignore

        self.assertRaises(TraitError, inner)


class TestThis(TestCase):
    def test_this_class(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            this = This["Foo"]()

        f = Foo()
        self.assertEqual(f.this, None)
        g = Foo()
        f.this = g
        self.assertEqual(f.this, g)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, f, "this", 10)

    def test_this_inst(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            this = This["Foo"]()

        f = Foo()
        f.this = Foo()
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(f.this, Foo))

    def test_subclass(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            t = This["Foo"]()

        class Bar(Foo):
            pass

        f = Foo()
        b = Bar()
        f.t = b
        b.t = f
        self.assertEqual(f.t, b)
        self.assertEqual(b.t, f)

    def test_subclass_override(self):
        class Foo(HasTraits):
            t = This["Foo"]()

        class Bar(Foo):
            t = This()

        f = Foo()
        b = Bar()
        f.t = b
        self.assertEqual(f.t, b)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, b, "t", f)

    def test_this_in_container(self):
        class Tree(HasTraits):
            value = Unicode()
            leaves = List(This())

        tree = Tree(value="foo", leaves=[Tree(value="bar"), Tree(value="buzz")])

        with self.assertRaises(TraitError):
            tree.leaves = [1, 2]


class TraitTestBase(TestCase):
    """A best testing class for basic trait types."""

    def assign(self, value):
        self.obj.value = value  # type:ignore

    def coerce(self, value):
        return value

    def test_good_values(self):
        if hasattr(self, "_good_values"):
            for value in self._good_values:
                self.assign(value)
                self.assertEqual(self.obj.value, self.coerce(value))  # type:ignore

    def test_bad_values(self):
        if hasattr(self, "_bad_values"):
            for value in self._bad_values:
                try:
                    self.assertRaises(TraitError, self.assign, value)
                except AssertionError:
                    assert False, value  # noqa: PT015

    def test_default_value(self):
        if hasattr(self, "_default_value"):
            self.assertEqual(self._default_value, self.obj.value)  # type:ignore

    def test_allow_none(self):
        if (
            hasattr(self, "_bad_values")
            and hasattr(self, "_good_values")
            and None in self._bad_values
        ):
            trait = self.obj.traits()["value"]  # type:ignore
            try:
                trait.allow_none = True
                self._bad_values.remove(None)
                # skip coerce. Allow None casts None to None.
                self.assign(None)
                self.assertEqual(self.obj.value, None)  # type:ignore
                self.test_good_values()
                self.test_bad_values()
            finally:
                # tear down
                trait.allow_none = False
                self._bad_values.append(None)

    def tearDown(self):
        # restore default value after tests, if set
        if hasattr(self, "_default_value"):
            self.obj.value = self._default_value  # type:ignore


class AnyTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Any()


class AnyTraitTest(TraitTestBase):
    obj = AnyTrait()

    _default_value = None
    _good_values = [10.0, "ten", [10], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None, 1j]
    _bad_values: t.Any = []


class UnionTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Union([Type(), Bool()])


class UnionTraitTest(TraitTestBase):
    obj = UnionTrait(value="traitlets.config.Config")
    _good_values = [int, float, True]
    _bad_values = [[], (0,), 1j]


class CallableTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Callable()


class CallableTraitTest(TraitTestBase):
    obj = CallableTrait(value=lambda x: type(x))
    _good_values = [int, sorted, lambda x: print(x)]
    _bad_values = [[], 1, ""]


class OrTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Bool() | Unicode()


class OrTraitTest(TraitTestBase):
    obj = OrTrait()
    _good_values = [True, False, "ten"]
    _bad_values = [[], (0,), 1j]


class IntTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Int(99, min=-100)


class TestInt(TraitTestBase):
    obj = IntTrait()
    _default_value = 99
    _good_values = [10, -10]
    _bad_values = [
        "ten",
        [10],
        {"ten": 10},
        (10,),
        None,
        1j,
        10.1,
        -10.1,
        "10L",
        "-10L",
        "10.1",
        "-10.1",
        "10",
        "-10",
        -200,
    ]


class CIntTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CInt("5")


class TestCInt(TraitTestBase):
    obj = CIntTrait()

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = ["10", "-10", 10, 10.0, -10.0, 10.1]
    _bad_values = ["ten", [10], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None, 1j, "10.1"]

    def coerce(self, n):
        return int(n)


class MinBoundCIntTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CInt("5", min=3)


class TestMinBoundCInt(TestCInt):
    obj = MinBoundCIntTrait()  # type:ignore

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = [3, 3.0, "3"]
    _bad_values = [2.6, 2, -3, -3.0]


class LongTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Long(99)


class TestLong(TraitTestBase):
    obj = LongTrait()

    _default_value = 99
    _good_values = [10, -10]
    _bad_values = [
        "ten",
        [10],
        {"ten": 10},
        (10,),
        None,
        1j,
        10.1,
        -10.1,
        "10",
        "-10",
        "10L",
        "-10L",
        "10.1",
        "-10.1",
    ]


class MinBoundLongTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Long(99, min=5)


class TestMinBoundLong(TraitTestBase):
    obj = MinBoundLongTrait()

    _default_value = 99
    _good_values = [5, 10]
    _bad_values = [4, -10]


class MaxBoundLongTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Long(5, max=10)


class TestMaxBoundLong(TraitTestBase):
    obj = MaxBoundLongTrait()

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = [10, -2]
    _bad_values = [11, 20]


class CLongTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CLong("5")


class TestCLong(TraitTestBase):
    obj = CLongTrait()

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = ["10", "-10", 10, 10.0, -10.0, 10.1]
    _bad_values = ["ten", [10], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None, 1j, "10.1"]

    def coerce(self, n):
        return int(n)


class MaxBoundCLongTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CLong("5", max=10)


class TestMaxBoundCLong(TestCLong):
    obj = MaxBoundCLongTrait()  # type:ignore

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = [10, "10", 10.3]
    _bad_values = [11.0, "11"]


class IntegerTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Integer(1)


class TestInteger(TestLong):
    obj = IntegerTrait()  # type:ignore
    _default_value = 1

    def coerce(self, n):
        return int(n)


class MinBoundIntegerTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Integer(5, min=3)


class TestMinBoundInteger(TraitTestBase):
    obj = MinBoundIntegerTrait()

    _default_value = 5
    _good_values = 3, 20
    _bad_values = [2, -10]


class MaxBoundIntegerTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Integer(1, max=3)


class TestMaxBoundInteger(TraitTestBase):
    obj = MaxBoundIntegerTrait()

    _default_value = 1
    _good_values = 3, -2
    _bad_values = [4, 10]


class FloatTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Float(99.0, max=200.0)


class TestFloat(TraitTestBase):
    obj = FloatTrait()

    _default_value = 99.0
    _good_values = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1]
    _bad_values = [
        "ten",
        [10],
        {"ten": 10},
        (10,),
        None,
        1j,
        "10",
        "-10",
        "10L",
        "-10L",
        "10.1",
        "-10.1",
        201.0,
    ]


class CFloatTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CFloat("99.0", max=200.0)


class TestCFloat(TraitTestBase):
    obj = CFloatTrait()

    _default_value = 99.0
    _good_values = [10, 10.0, 10.5, "10.0", "10", "-10"]
    _bad_values = ["ten", [10], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None, 1j, 200.1, "200.1"]

    def coerce(self, v):
        return float(v)


class ComplexTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Complex(99.0 - 99.0j)


class TestComplex(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ComplexTrait()

    _default_value = 99.0 - 99.0j
    _good_values = [
        10,
        -10,
        10.1,
        -10.1,
        10j,
        10 + 10j,
        10 - 10j,
        10.1j,
        10.1 + 10.1j,
        10.1 - 10.1j,
    ]
    _bad_values = ["10L", "-10L", "ten", [10], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None]


class BytesTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Bytes(b"string")


class TestBytes(TraitTestBase):
    obj = BytesTrait()

    _default_value = b"string"
    _good_values = [b"10", b"-10", b"10L", b"-10L", b"10.1", b"-10.1", b"string"]
    _bad_values = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1, 1j, [10], ["ten"], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None, "string"]


class UnicodeTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Unicode("unicode")


class TestUnicode(TraitTestBase):
    obj = UnicodeTrait()

    _default_value = "unicode"
    _good_values = ["10", "-10", "10L", "-10L", "10.1", "-10.1", "", "string", "€", b"bytestring"]
    _bad_values = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1, 1j, [10], ["ten"], {"ten": 10}, (10,), None]

    def coerce(self, v):
        return cast_unicode(v)


class ObjectNameTrait(HasTraits):
    value = ObjectName("abc")


class TestObjectName(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ObjectNameTrait()

    _default_value = "abc"
    _good_values = ["a", "gh", "g9", "g_", "_G", "a345_"]
    _bad_values = [
        1,
        "",
        "€",
        "9g",
        "!",
        "#abc",
        "aj@",
        "a.b",
        "a()",
        "a[0]",
        None,
        object(),
        object,
    ]
    _good_values.append("þ")  # þ=1 is valid in Python 3 (PEP 3131).


class DottedObjectNameTrait(HasTraits):
    value = DottedObjectName("a.b")


class TestDottedObjectName(TraitTestBase):
    obj = DottedObjectNameTrait()

    _default_value = "a.b"
    _good_values = ["A", "y.t", "y765.__repr__", "os.path.join"]
    _bad_values = [1, "abc.€", "_.@", ".", ".abc", "abc.", ".abc.", None]

    _good_values.append("t.þ")


class TCPAddressTrait(HasTraits):
    value = TCPAddress()


class TestTCPAddress(TraitTestBase):
    obj = TCPAddressTrait()

    _default_value = ("127.0.0.1", 0)
    _good_values = [("localhost", 0), ("192.168.0.1", 1000), ("www.google.com", 80)]
    _bad_values = [(0, 0), ("localhost", 10.0), ("localhost", -1), None]


class ListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(Int())


class TestList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ListTrait()

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [[], [1], list(range(10)), (1, 2)]
    _bad_values = [10, [1, "a"], "a"]

    def coerce(self, value):
        if value is not None:
            value = list(value)
        return value


class Foo:
    pass


class NoneInstanceListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(Instance(Foo))


class TestNoneInstanceList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = NoneInstanceListTrait()

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [[Foo(), Foo()], []]
    _bad_values = [[None], [Foo(), None]]


class InstanceListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(Instance(__name__ + ".Foo"))


class TestInstanceList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = InstanceListTrait()

    def test_klass(self):
        """Test that the instance klass is properly assigned."""
        self.assertIs(self.obj.traits()["value"]._trait.klass, Foo)

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [[Foo(), Foo()], []]
    _bad_values = [
        [
            "1",
            2,
        ],
        "1",
        [Foo],
        None,
    ]


class UnionListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(Int() | Bool())


class TestUnionListTrait(TraitTestBase):
    obj = UnionListTrait()

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [[True, 1], [False, True]]
    _bad_values = [[1, "True"], False]


class LenListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(Int(), [0], minlen=1, maxlen=2)


class TestLenList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = LenListTrait()

    _default_value = [0]
    _good_values = [[1], [1, 2], (1, 2)]
    _bad_values = [10, [1, "a"], "a", [], list(range(3))]

    def coerce(self, value):
        if value is not None:
            value = list(value)
        return value


class TupleTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Tuple(Int(allow_none=True), default_value=(1,))


class TestTupleTrait(TraitTestBase):
    obj = TupleTrait()

    _default_value = (1,)
    _good_values = [(1,), (0,), [1]]
    _bad_values = [10, (1, 2), ("a"), (), None]

    def coerce(self, value):
        if value is not None:
            value = tuple(value)
        return value

    def test_invalid_args(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, 5)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, default_value="hello")
        t = Tuple(Int(), CBytes(), default_value=(1, 5))


class LooseTupleTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Tuple((1, 2, 3))


class TestLooseTupleTrait(TraitTestBase):
    obj = LooseTupleTrait()

    _default_value = (1, 2, 3)
    _good_values = [(1,), [1], (0,), tuple(range(5)), tuple("hello"), ("a", 5), ()]
    _bad_values = [10, "hello", {}, None]

    def coerce(self, value):
        if value is not None:
            value = tuple(value)
        return value

    def test_invalid_args(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, 5)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, default_value="hello")
        t = Tuple(Int(), CBytes(), default_value=(1, 5))


class MultiTupleTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Tuple(Int(), Bytes(), default_value=[99, b"bottles"])


class TestMultiTuple(TraitTestBase):
    obj = MultiTupleTrait()

    _default_value = (99, b"bottles")
    _good_values = [(1, b"a"), (2, b"b")]
    _bad_values = ((), 10, b"a", (1, b"a", 3), (b"a", 1), (1, "a"))


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "Trait",
    (  # noqa: PT007
        List,
        Tuple,
        Set,
        Dict,
        Integer,
        Unicode,
    ),
)
def test_allow_none_default_value(Trait):
    class C(HasTraits):
        t = Trait(default_value=None, allow_none=True)

    # test default value
    c = C()
    assert c.t is None

    # and in constructor
    c = C(t=None)
    assert c.t is None


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "Trait, default_value",
    ((List, []), (Tuple, ()), (Set, set()), (Dict, {}), (Integer, 0), (Unicode, "")),  # noqa: PT007
)
def test_default_value(Trait, default_value):
    class C(HasTraits):
        t = Trait()

    # test default value
    c = C()
    assert type(c.t) is type(default_value)
    assert c.t == default_value


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "Trait, default_value",
    ((List, []), (Tuple, ()), (Set, set())),  # noqa: PT007
)
def test_subclass_default_value(Trait, default_value):
    """Test deprecated default_value=None behavior for Container subclass traits"""

    class SubclassTrait(Trait):  # type:ignore
        def __init__(self, default_value=None):
            super().__init__(default_value=default_value)

    class C(HasTraits):
        t = SubclassTrait()

    # test default value
    c = C()
    assert type(c.t) is type(default_value)
    assert c.t == default_value


class CRegExpTrait(HasTraits):
    value = CRegExp(r"")


class TestCRegExp(TraitTestBase):
    def coerce(self, value):
        return re.compile(value)

    obj = CRegExpTrait()

    _default_value = re.compile(r"")
    _good_values = [r"\d+", re.compile(r"\d+")]
    _bad_values = ["(", None, ()]


class DictTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Dict()


def test_dict_assignment():
    d: t.Dict[str, int] = {}
    c = DictTrait()
    c.value = d
    d["a"] = 5
    assert d == c.value
    assert c.value is d


class UniformlyValueValidatedDictTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Dict(value_trait=Unicode(), default_value={"foo": "1"})


class TestInstanceUniformlyValueValidatedDict(TraitTestBase):
    obj = UniformlyValueValidatedDictTrait()

    _default_value = {"foo": "1"}
    _good_values = [{"foo": "0", "bar": "1"}]
    _bad_values = [{"foo": 0, "bar": "1"}]


class NonuniformlyValueValidatedDictTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Dict(per_key_traits={"foo": Int()}, default_value={"foo": 1})


class TestInstanceNonuniformlyValueValidatedDict(TraitTestBase):
    obj = NonuniformlyValueValidatedDictTrait()

    _default_value = {"foo": 1}
    _good_values = [{"foo": 0, "bar": "1"}, {"foo": 0, "bar": 1}]
    _bad_values = [{"foo": "0", "bar": "1"}]


class KeyValidatedDictTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Dict(key_trait=Unicode(), default_value={"foo": "1"})


class TestInstanceKeyValidatedDict(TraitTestBase):
    obj = KeyValidatedDictTrait()

    _default_value = {"foo": "1"}
    _good_values = [{"foo": "0", "bar": "1"}]
    _bad_values = [{"foo": "0", 0: "1"}]


class FullyValidatedDictTrait(HasTraits):
    value = Dict(
        value_trait=Unicode(),
        key_trait=Unicode(),
        per_key_traits={"foo": Int()},
        default_value={"foo": 1},
    )


class TestInstanceFullyValidatedDict(TraitTestBase):
    obj = FullyValidatedDictTrait()

    _default_value = {"foo": 1}
    _good_values = [{"foo": 0, "bar": "1"}, {"foo": 1, "bar": "2"}]
    _bad_values = [{"foo": 0, "bar": 1}, {"foo": "0", "bar": "1"}, {"foo": 0, 0: "1"}]


def test_dict_default_value():
    """Check that the `{}` default value of the Dict traitlet constructor is
    actually copied."""

    class Foo(HasTraits):
        d1 = Dict()
        d2 = Dict()

    foo = Foo()
    assert foo.d1 == {}
    assert foo.d2 == {}
    assert foo.d1 is not foo.d2


class TestValidationHook(TestCase):
    def test_parity_trait(self):
        """Verify that the early validation hook is effective"""

        class Parity(HasTraits):
            value = Int(0)
            parity = Enum(["odd", "even"], default_value="even")

            @validate("value")
            def _value_validate(self, proposal):
                value = proposal["value"]
                if self.parity == "even" and value % 2:
                    raise TraitError("Expected an even number")
                if self.parity == "odd" and (value % 2 == 0):
                    raise TraitError("Expected an odd number")
                return value

        u = Parity()
        u.parity = "odd"
        u.value = 1  # OK
        with self.assertRaises(TraitError):
            u.value = 2  # Trait Error

        u.parity = "even"
        u.value = 2  # OK

    def test_multiple_validate(self):
        """Verify that we can register the same validator to multiple names"""

        class OddEven(HasTraits):
            odd = Int(1)
            even = Int(0)

            @validate("odd", "even")
            def check_valid(self, proposal):
                if proposal["trait"].name == "odd" and not proposal["value"] % 2:
                    raise TraitError("odd should be odd")
                if proposal["trait"].name == "even" and proposal["value"] % 2:
                    raise TraitError("even should be even")

        u = OddEven()
        u.odd = 3  # OK
        with self.assertRaises(TraitError):
            u.odd = 2  # Trait Error

        u.even = 2  # OK
        with self.assertRaises(TraitError):
            u.even = 3  # Trait Error

    def test_validate_used(self):
        """Verify that the validate value is being used"""

        class FixedValue(HasTraits):
            value = Int(0)

            @validate("value")
            def _value_validate(self, proposal):
                return -1

        u = FixedValue(value=2)
        assert u.value == -1

        u = FixedValue()
        u.value = 3
        assert u.value == -1


class TestLink(TestCase):
    def test_connect_same(self):
        """Verify two traitlets of the same type can be linked together using link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = link((a, "value"), (b, "value"))

        # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)

        # Change one of the values to make sure they stay in sync.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
        b.value = 6
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)

    def test_link_different(self):
        """Verify two traitlets of different types can be linked together using link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        class B(HasTraits):
            count = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = B(count=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = link((a, "value"), (b, "count"))

        # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)

        # Change one of the values to make sure they stay in sync.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)
        b.count = 4
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)

    def test_unlink_link(self):
        """Verify two linked traitlets can be unlinked and relinked."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = link((a, "value"), (b, "value"))
        a.value = 4
        c.unlink()

        # Change one of the values to make sure they don't stay in sync.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertNotEqual(a.value, b.value)
        c.link()
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
        a.value += 1
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)

    def test_callbacks(self):
        """Verify two linked traitlets have their callbacks called once."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        class B(HasTraits):
            count = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = B(count=8)

        # Register callbacks that count.
        callback_count = []

        def a_callback(name, old, new):
            callback_count.append("a")

        a.on_trait_change(a_callback, "value")

        def b_callback(name, old, new):
            callback_count.append("b")

        b.on_trait_change(b_callback, "count")

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = link((a, "value"), (b, "count"))

        # Make sure b's count was set to a's value once.
        self.assertEqual("".join(callback_count), "b")
        del callback_count[:]

        # Make sure a's value was set to b's count once.
        b.count = 5
        self.assertEqual("".join(callback_count), "ba")
        del callback_count[:]

        # Make sure b's count was set to a's value once.
        a.value = 4
        self.assertEqual("".join(callback_count), "ab")
        del callback_count[:]

    def test_tranform(self):
        """Test transform link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = link((a, "value"), (b, "value"), transform=(lambda x: 2 * x, lambda x: int(x / 2.0)))

        # Make sure the values are correct at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(b.value, 2 * a.value)

        # Change one the value of the source and check that it modifies the target.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(b.value, 10)
        # Change one the value of the target and check that it modifies the
        # source.
        b.value = 6
        self.assertEqual(a.value, 3)

    def test_link_broken_at_source(self):
        class MyClass(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            j = Int()

            @observe("j")
            def another_update(self, change):
                self.i = change.new * 2

        mc = MyClass()
        l = link((mc, "i"), (mc, "j"))  # noqa: E741
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, mc, "i", 2)

    def test_link_broken_at_target(self):
        class MyClass(HasTraits):
            i = Int()
            j = Int()

            @observe("i")
            def another_update(self, change):
                self.j = change.new * 2

        mc = MyClass()
        l = link((mc, "i"), (mc, "j"))  # noqa: E741
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, mc, "j", 2)


class TestDirectionalLink(TestCase):
    def test_connect_same(self):
        """Verify two traitlets of the same type can be linked together using directional_link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = directional_link((a, "value"), (b, "value"))

        # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)

        # Change one the value of the source and check that it synchronizes the target.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(b.value, 5)
        # Change one the value of the target and check that it has no impact on the source
        b.value = 6
        self.assertEqual(a.value, 5)

    def test_tranform(self):
        """Test transform link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = directional_link((a, "value"), (b, "value"), lambda x: 2 * x)

        # Make sure the values are correct at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(b.value, 2 * a.value)

        # Change one the value of the source and check that it modifies the target.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(b.value, 10)
        # Change one the value of the target and check that it has no impact on the source
        b.value = 6
        self.assertEqual(a.value, 5)

    def test_link_different(self):
        """Verify two traitlets of different types can be linked together using link."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        class B(HasTraits):
            count = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = B(count=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = directional_link((a, "value"), (b, "count"))

        # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)

        # Change one the value of the source and check that it synchronizes the target.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertEqual(b.count, 5)
        # Change one the value of the target and check that it has no impact on the source
        b.value = 6  # type:ignore
        self.assertEqual(a.value, 5)

    def test_unlink_link(self):
        """Verify two linked traitlets can be unlinked and relinked."""

        # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
        class A(HasTraits):
            value = Int()

        a = A(value=9)
        b = A(value=8)

        # Connect the two classes.
        c = directional_link((a, "value"), (b, "value"))
        a.value = 4
        c.unlink()

        # Change one of the values to make sure they don't stay in sync.
        a.value = 5
        self.assertNotEqual(a.value, b.value)
        c.link()
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
        a.value += 1
        self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)


class Pickleable(HasTraits):
    i = Int()

    @observe("i")
    def _i_changed(self, change):
        pass

    @validate("i")
    def _i_validate(self, commit):
        return commit["value"]

    j = Int()

    def __init__(self):
        with self.hold_trait_notifications():
            self.i = 1
        self.on_trait_change(self._i_changed, "i")


def test_pickle_hastraits():
    c = Pickleable()
    for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
        p = pickle.dumps(c, protocol)
        c2 = pickle.loads(p)
        assert c2.i == c.i
        assert c2.j == c.j

    c.i = 5
    for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
        p = pickle.dumps(c, protocol)
        c2 = pickle.loads(p)
        assert c2.i == c.i
        assert c2.j == c.j


def test_hold_trait_notifications():
    changes = []

    class Test(HasTraits):
        a = Integer(0)
        b = Integer(0)

        def _a_changed(self, name, old, new):
            changes.append((old, new))

        def _b_validate(self, value, trait):
            if value != 0:
                raise TraitError("Only 0 is a valid value")
            return value

    # Test context manager and nesting
    t = Test()
    with t.hold_trait_notifications():
        with t.hold_trait_notifications():
            t.a = 1
            assert t.a == 1
            assert changes == []
        t.a = 2
        assert t.a == 2
        with t.hold_trait_notifications():
            t.a = 3
            assert t.a == 3
            assert changes == []
            t.a = 4
            assert t.a == 4
            assert changes == []
        t.a = 4
        assert t.a == 4
        assert changes == []

    assert changes == [(0, 4)]
    # Test roll-back
    try:
        with t.hold_trait_notifications():
            t.b = 1  # raises a Trait error
    except Exception:
        pass
    assert t.b == 0


class RollBack(HasTraits):
    bar = Int()

    def _bar_validate(self, value, trait):
        if value:
            raise TraitError("foobar")
        return value


class TestRollback(TestCase):
    def test_roll_back(self):
        def assign_rollback():
            RollBack(bar=1)

        self.assertRaises(TraitError, assign_rollback)


class CacheModification(HasTraits):
    foo = Int()
    bar = Int()

    def _bar_validate(self, value, trait):
        self.foo = value
        return value

    def _foo_validate(self, value, trait):
        self.bar = value
        return value


def test_cache_modification():
    CacheModification(foo=1)
    CacheModification(bar=1)


class OrderTraits(HasTraits):
    notified = Dict()

    a = Unicode()
    b = Unicode()
    c = Unicode()
    d = Unicode()
    e = Unicode()
    f = Unicode()
    g = Unicode()
    h = Unicode()
    i = Unicode()
    j = Unicode()
    k = Unicode()
    l = Unicode()  # noqa: E741

    def _notify(self, name, old, new):
        """check the value of all traits when each trait change is triggered

        This verifies that the values are not sensitive
        to dict ordering when loaded from kwargs
        """
        # check the value of the other traits
        # when a given trait change notification fires
        self.notified[name] = {c: getattr(self, c) for c in "abcdefghijkl"}

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        self.on_trait_change(self._notify)
        super().__init__(**kwargs)


def test_notification_order():
    d = {c: c for c in "abcdefghijkl"}
    obj = OrderTraits()
    assert obj.notified == {}
    obj = OrderTraits(**d)
    notifications = {c: d for c in "abcdefghijkl"}
    assert obj.notified == notifications


###
# Traits for Forward Declaration Tests
###
class ForwardDeclaredInstanceTrait(HasTraits):
    value = ForwardDeclaredInstance["ForwardDeclaredBar"]("ForwardDeclaredBar", allow_none=True)


class ForwardDeclaredTypeTrait(HasTraits):
    value = ForwardDeclaredType[t.Any, t.Any]("ForwardDeclaredBar", allow_none=True)


class ForwardDeclaredInstanceListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(ForwardDeclaredInstance("ForwardDeclaredBar"))


class ForwardDeclaredTypeListTrait(HasTraits):
    value = List(ForwardDeclaredType("ForwardDeclaredBar"))


###
# End Traits for Forward Declaration Tests
###


###
# Classes for Forward Declaration Tests
###
class ForwardDeclaredBar:
    pass


class ForwardDeclaredBarSub(ForwardDeclaredBar):
    pass


###
# End Classes for Forward Declaration Tests
###


###
# Forward Declaration Tests
###
class TestForwardDeclaredInstanceTrait(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ForwardDeclaredInstanceTrait()
    _default_value = None
    _good_values = [None, ForwardDeclaredBar(), ForwardDeclaredBarSub()]
    _bad_values = ["foo", 3, ForwardDeclaredBar, ForwardDeclaredBarSub]


class TestForwardDeclaredTypeTrait(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ForwardDeclaredTypeTrait()
    _default_value = None
    _good_values = [None, ForwardDeclaredBar, ForwardDeclaredBarSub]
    _bad_values = ["foo", 3, ForwardDeclaredBar(), ForwardDeclaredBarSub()]


class TestForwardDeclaredInstanceList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ForwardDeclaredInstanceListTrait()

    def test_klass(self):
        """Test that the instance klass is properly assigned."""
        self.assertIs(self.obj.traits()["value"]._trait.klass, ForwardDeclaredBar)

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [
        [ForwardDeclaredBar(), ForwardDeclaredBarSub()],
        [],
    ]
    _bad_values = [
        ForwardDeclaredBar(),
        [ForwardDeclaredBar(), 3, None],
        "1",
        # Note that this is the type, not an instance.
        [ForwardDeclaredBar],
        [None],
        None,
    ]


class TestForwardDeclaredTypeList(TraitTestBase):
    obj = ForwardDeclaredTypeListTrait()

    def test_klass(self):
        """Test that the instance klass is properly assigned."""
        self.assertIs(self.obj.traits()["value"]._trait.klass, ForwardDeclaredBar)

    _default_value: t.List[t.Any] = []
    _good_values = [
        [ForwardDeclaredBar, ForwardDeclaredBarSub],
        [],
    ]
    _bad_values = [
        ForwardDeclaredBar,
        [ForwardDeclaredBar, 3],
        "1",
        # Note that this is an instance, not the type.
        [ForwardDeclaredBar()],
        [None],
        None,
    ]


###
# End Forward Declaration Tests
###


class TestDynamicTraits(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self._notify1 = []

    def notify1(self, name, old, new):
        self._notify1.append((name, old, new))

    @t.no_type_check
    def test_notify_all(self):
        class A(HasTraits):
            pass

        a = A()
        self.assertTrue(not hasattr(a, "x"))
        self.assertTrue(not hasattr(a, "y"))

        # Dynamically add trait x.
        a.add_traits(x=Int())
        self.assertTrue(hasattr(a, "x"))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, (A,)))

        # Dynamically add trait y.
        a.add_traits(y=Float())
        self.assertTrue(hasattr(a, "y"))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a, (A,)))
        self.assertEqual(a.__class__.__name__, A.__name__)

        # Create a new instance and verify that x and y
        # aren't defined.
        b = A()
        self.assertTrue(not hasattr(b, "x"))
        self.assertTrue(not hasattr(b, "y"))

        # Verify that notification works like normal.
        a.on_trait_change(self.notify1)
        a.x = 0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.y = 0.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)
        a.x = 10
        self.assertTrue(("x", 0, 10) in self._notify1)
        a.y = 10.0
        self.assertTrue(("y", 0.0, 10.0) in self._notify1)
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "x", "bad string")
        self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, "y", "bad string")
        self._notify1 = []
        a.on_trait_change(self.notify1, remove=True)
        a.x = 20
        a.y = 20.0
        self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1), 0)


def test_enum_no_default():
    class C(HasTraits):
        t = Enum(["a", "b"])

    c = C()
    c.t = "a"
    assert c.t == "a"

    c = C()

    with pytest.raises(TraitError):
        t = c.t

    c = C(t="b")
    assert c.t == "b"


def test_default_value_repr():
    class C(HasTraits):
        t = Type("traitlets.HasTraits")
        t2 = Type(HasTraits)
        n = Integer(0)
        lis = List()
        d = Dict()

    assert C.t.default_value_repr() == "'traitlets.HasTraits'"
    assert C.t2.default_value_repr() == "'traitlets.traitlets.HasTraits'"
    assert C.n.default_value_repr() == "0"
    assert C.lis.default_value_repr() == "[]"
    assert C.d.default_value_repr() == "{}"


class TransitionalClass(HasTraits):
    d = Any()

    @default("d")
    def _d_default(self):
        return TransitionalClass

    parent_super = False
    calls_super = Integer(0)

    @default("calls_super")
    def _calls_super_default(self):
        return -1

    @observe("calls_super")
    @observe_compat
    def _calls_super_changed(self, change):
        self.parent_super = change

    parent_override = False
    overrides = Integer(0)

    @observe("overrides")
    @observe_compat
    def _overrides_changed(self, change):
        self.parent_override = change


class SubClass(TransitionalClass):
    def _d_default(self):
        return SubClass

    subclass_super = False

    def _calls_super_changed(self, name, old, new):
        self.subclass_super = True
        super()._calls_super_changed(name, old, new)

    subclass_override = False

    def _overrides_changed(self, name, old, new):
        self.subclass_override = True


def test_subclass_compat():
    obj = SubClass()
    obj.calls_super = 5
    assert obj.parent_super
    assert obj.subclass_super
    obj.overrides = 5
    assert obj.subclass_override
    assert not obj.parent_override
    assert obj.d is SubClass


class DefinesHandler(HasTraits):
    parent_called = False

    trait = Integer()

    @observe("trait")
    def handler(self, change):
        self.parent_called = True


class OverridesHandler(DefinesHandler):
    child_called = False

    @observe("trait")
    def handler(self, change):
        self.child_called = True


def test_subclass_override_observer():
    obj = OverridesHandler()
    obj.trait = 5
    assert obj.child_called
    assert not obj.parent_called


class DoesntRegisterHandler(DefinesHandler):
    child_called = False

    def handler(self, change):
        self.child_called = True


def test_subclass_override_not_registered():
    """Subclass that overrides observer and doesn't re-register unregisters both"""
    obj = DoesntRegisterHandler()
    obj.trait = 5
    assert not obj.child_called
    assert not obj.parent_called


class AddsHandler(DefinesHandler):
    child_called = False

    @observe("trait")
    def child_handler(self, change):
        self.child_called = True


def test_subclass_add_observer():
    obj = AddsHandler()
    obj.trait = 5
    assert obj.child_called
    assert obj.parent_called


def test_observe_iterables():
    class C(HasTraits):
        i = Integer()
        s = Unicode()

    c = C()
    recorded = {}

    def record(change):
        recorded["change"] = change

    # observe with names=set
    c.observe(record, names={"i", "s"})
    c.i = 5
    assert recorded["change"].name == "i"
    assert recorded["change"].new == 5
    c.s = "hi"
    assert recorded["change"].name == "s"
    assert recorded["change"].new == "hi"

    # observe with names=custom container with iter, contains
    class MyContainer:
        def __init__(self, container):
            self.container = container

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self.container)

        def __contains__(self, key):
            return key in self.container

    c.observe(record, names=MyContainer({"i", "s"}))
    c.i = 10
    assert recorded["change"].name == "i"
    assert recorded["change"].new == 10
    c.s = "ok"
    assert recorded["change"].name == "s"
    assert recorded["change"].new == "ok"


def test_super_args():
    class SuperRecorder:
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            self.super_args = args
            self.super_kwargs = kwargs

    class SuperHasTraits(HasTraits, SuperRecorder):
        i = Integer()

    obj = SuperHasTraits("a1", "a2", b=10, i=5, c="x")
    assert obj.i == 5
    assert not hasattr(obj, "b")
    assert not hasattr(obj, "c")
    assert obj.super_args == ("a1", "a2")
    assert obj.super_kwargs == {"b": 10, "c": "x"}


def test_super_bad_args():
    class SuperHasTraits(HasTraits):
        a = Integer()

    w = ["Passing unrecognized arguments"]
    with expected_warnings(w):
        obj = SuperHasTraits(a=1, b=2)
    assert obj.a == 1
    assert not hasattr(obj, "b")


def test_default_mro():
    """Verify that default values follow mro"""

    class Base(HasTraits):
        trait = Unicode("base")
        attr = "base"

    class A(Base):
        pass

    class B(Base):
        trait = Unicode("B")
        attr = "B"

    class AB(A, B):
        pass

    class BA(B, A):
        pass

    assert A().trait == "base"
    assert A().attr == "base"
    assert BA().trait == "B"
    assert BA().attr == "B"
    assert AB().trait == "B"
    assert AB().attr == "B"


def test_cls_self_argument():
    class X(HasTraits):
        def __init__(__self, cls, self):
            pass

    x = X(cls=None, self=None)


def test_override_default():
    class C(HasTraits):
        a = Unicode("hard default")

        def _a_default(self):
            return "default method"

    C._a_default = lambda self: "overridden"  # type:ignore
    c = C()
    assert c.a == "overridden"


def test_override_default_decorator():
    class C(HasTraits):
        a = Unicode("hard default")

        @default("a")
        def _a_default(self):
            return "default method"

    C._a_default = lambda self: "overridden"  # type:ignore
    c = C()
    assert c.a == "overridden"


def test_override_default_instance():
    class C(HasTraits):
        a = Unicode("hard default")

        @default("a")
        def _a_default(self):
            return "default method"

    c = C()
    c._a_default = lambda self: "overridden"
    assert c.a == "overridden"


def test_copy_HasTraits():
    from copy import copy

    class C(HasTraits):
        a = Int()

    c = C(a=1)
    assert c.a == 1

    cc = copy(c)
    cc.a = 2
    assert cc.a == 2
    assert c.a == 1


def _from_string_test(traittype, s, expected):
    """Run a test of trait.from_string"""
    if isinstance(traittype, TraitType):
        trait = traittype
    else:
        trait = traittype(allow_none=True)
    if isinstance(s, list):
        cast = trait.from_string_list  # type:ignore
    else:
        cast = trait.from_string
    if type(expected) is type and issubclass(expected, Exception):
        with pytest.raises(expected):  # noqa: PT012
            value = cast(s)
            trait.validate(CrossValidationStub(), value)  # type:ignore
    else:
        value = cast(s)
        assert value == expected


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("xyz", "xyz"), ("1", "1"), ('"xx"', "xx"), ("'abc'", "abc"), ("None", None)],
)
def test_unicode_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Unicode, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("xyz", "xyz"), ("1", "1"), ('"xx"', "xx"), ("'abc'", "abc"), ("None", None)],
)
def test_cunicode_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(CUnicode, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("xyz", b"xyz"), ("1", b"1"), ('b"xx"', b"xx"), ("b'abc'", b"abc"), ("None", None)],
)
def test_bytes_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Bytes, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("xyz", b"xyz"), ("1", b"1"), ('b"xx"', b"xx"), ("b'abc'", b"abc"), ("None", None)],
)
def test_cbytes_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(CBytes, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("x", ValueError), ("1", 1), ("123", 123), ("2.0", ValueError), ("None", None)],
)
def test_int_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Integer, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("x", ValueError), ("1", 1.0), ("123.5", 123.5), ("2.5", 2.5), ("None", None)],
)
def test_float_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Float, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("x", ValueError),
        ("1", 1.0),
        ("123.5", 123.5),
        ("2.5", 2.5),
        ("1+2j", 1 + 2j),
        ("None", None),
    ],
)
def test_complex_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Complex, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("true", True),
        ("TRUE", True),
        ("1", True),
        ("0", False),
        ("False", False),
        ("false", False),
        ("1.0", ValueError),
        ("None", None),
    ],
)
def test_bool_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Bool, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("{}", {}),
        ("1", TraitError),
        ("{1: 2}", {1: 2}),
        ('{"key": "value"}', {"key": "value"}),
        ("x", TraitError),
        ("None", None),
    ],
)
def test_dict_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Dict, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("[]", []),
        ('[1, 2, "x"]', [1, 2, "x"]),
        (["1", "x"], ["1", "x"]),
        (["None"], None),
    ],
)
def test_list_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(List, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected, value_trait",
    [
        (["1", "2", "3"], [1, 2, 3], Integer()),
        (["x"], ValueError, Integer()),
        (["1", "x"], ["1", "x"], Unicode()),
        (["None"], [None], Unicode(allow_none=True)),
        (["None"], ["None"], Unicode(allow_none=False)),
    ],
)
def test_list_items_from_string(s, expected, value_trait):
    _from_string_test(List(value_trait), s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("[]", set()),
        ('[1, 2, "x"]', {1, 2, "x"}),
        ('{1, 2, "x"}', {1, 2, "x"}),
        (["1", "x"], {"1", "x"}),
        (["None"], None),
    ],
)
def test_set_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Set, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected, value_trait",
    [
        (["1", "2", "3"], {1, 2, 3}, Integer()),
        (["x"], ValueError, Integer()),
        (["1", "x"], {"1", "x"}, Unicode()),
        (["None"], {None}, Unicode(allow_none=True)),
    ],
)
def test_set_items_from_string(s, expected, value_trait):
    _from_string_test(Set(value_trait), s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("[]", ()),
        ("()", ()),
        ('[1, 2, "x"]', (1, 2, "x")),
        ('(1, 2, "x")', (1, 2, "x")),
        (["1", "x"], ("1", "x")),
        (["None"], None),
    ],
)
def test_tuple_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Tuple, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected, value_traits",
    [
        (["1", "2", "3"], (1, 2, 3), [Integer(), Integer(), Integer()]),
        (["x"], ValueError, [Integer()]),
        (["1", "x"], ("1", "x"), [Unicode()]),
        (["None"], ("None",), [Unicode(allow_none=False)]),
        (["None"], (None,), [Unicode(allow_none=True)]),
    ],
)
def test_tuple_items_from_string(s, expected, value_traits):
    _from_string_test(Tuple(*value_traits), s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("x", "x"),
        ("mod.submod", "mod.submod"),
        ("not an identifier", TraitError),
        ("1", "1"),
        ("None", None),
    ],
)
def test_object_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(DottedObjectName, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [
        ("127.0.0.1:8000", ("127.0.0.1", 8000)),
        ("host.tld:80", ("host.tld", 80)),
        ("host:notaport", ValueError),
        ("127.0.0.1", ValueError),
        ("None", None),
    ],
)
def test_tcp_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(TCPAddress, s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("[]", []), ("{}", "{}")],
)
def test_union_of_list_and_unicode_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Union([List(), Unicode()]), s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected",
    [("1", 1), ("1.5", 1.5)],
)
def test_union_of_int_and_float_from_string(s, expected):
    _from_string_test(Union([Int(), Float()]), s, expected)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "s, expected, allow_none",
    [("[]", [], False), ("{}", {}, False), ("None", TraitError, False), ("None", None, True)],
)
def test_union_of_list_and_dict_from_string(s, expected, allow_none):
    _from_string_test(Union([List(), Dict()], allow_none=allow_none), s, expected)


def test_all_attribute():
    """Verify all trait types are added to `traitlets.__all__`"""
    names = dir(traitlets)
    for name in names:
        value = getattr(traitlets, name)
        if not name.startswith("_") and isinstance(value, type) and issubclass(value, TraitType):
            if name not in traitlets.__all__:
                raise ValueError(f"{name} not in __all__")

    for name in traitlets.__all__:
        if name not in names:
            raise ValueError(f"{name} should be removed from __all__")