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# -*- test-case-name: twisted.web.test.test_http_headers -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
An API for storing HTTP header names and values.
"""
from typing import (
AnyStr,
ClassVar,
Dict,
Iterator,
List,
Mapping,
Optional,
Sequence,
Tuple,
TypeVar,
Union,
overload,
)
from twisted.python.compat import cmp, comparable
from twisted.web._abnf import _istoken
class InvalidHeaderName(ValueError):
"""
HTTP header names must be tokens, per RFC 9110 section 5.1.
"""
_T = TypeVar("_T")
def _sanitizeLinearWhitespace(headerComponent: bytes) -> bytes:
r"""
Replace linear whitespace (C{\n}, C{\r\n}, C{\r}) in a header
value with a single space.
@param headerComponent: The header value to sanitize.
@return: The sanitized header value.
"""
return b" ".join(headerComponent.splitlines())
@comparable
class Headers:
"""
Stores HTTP headers in a key and multiple value format.
When passed L{str}, header names (e.g. 'Content-Type')
are encoded using ISO-8859-1 and header values (e.g.
'text/html;charset=utf-8') are encoded using UTF-8. Some methods that return
values will return them in the same type as the name given.
If the header keys or values cannot be encoded or decoded using the rules
above, using just L{bytes} arguments to the methods of this class will
ensure no decoding or encoding is done, and L{Headers} will treat the keys
and values as opaque byte strings.
@ivar _rawHeaders: A L{dict} mapping header names as L{bytes} to L{list}s of
header values as L{bytes}.
"""
__slots__ = ["_rawHeaders"]
def __init__(
self,
rawHeaders: Optional[Mapping[AnyStr, Sequence[AnyStr]]] = None,
) -> None:
self._rawHeaders: Dict[bytes, List[bytes]] = {}
if rawHeaders is not None:
for name, values in rawHeaders.items():
self.setRawHeaders(name, values)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Return a string fully describing the headers set on this object.
"""
return "{}({!r})".format(
self.__class__.__name__,
self._rawHeaders,
)
def __cmp__(self, other):
"""
Define L{Headers} instances as being equal to each other if they have
the same raw headers.
"""
if isinstance(other, Headers):
return cmp(
sorted(self._rawHeaders.items()), sorted(other._rawHeaders.items())
)
return NotImplemented
def copy(self):
"""
Return a copy of itself with the same headers set.
@return: A new L{Headers}
"""
return self.__class__(self._rawHeaders)
def hasHeader(self, name: AnyStr) -> bool:
"""
Check for the existence of a given header.
@param name: The name of the HTTP header to check for.
@return: C{True} if the header exists, otherwise C{False}.
"""
return _nameEncoder.encode(name) in self._rawHeaders
def removeHeader(self, name: AnyStr) -> None:
"""
Remove the named header from this header object.
@param name: The name of the HTTP header to remove.
@return: L{None}
"""
self._rawHeaders.pop(_nameEncoder.encode(name), None)
def setRawHeaders(
self, name: Union[str, bytes], values: Sequence[Union[str, bytes]]
) -> None:
"""
Sets the raw representation of the given header.
@param name: The name of the HTTP header to set the values for.
@param values: A list of strings each one being a header value of
the given name.
@raise TypeError: Raised if C{values} is not a sequence of L{bytes}
or L{str}, or if C{name} is not L{bytes} or L{str}.
@return: L{None}
"""
_name = _nameEncoder.encode(name)
encodedValues: List[bytes] = []
for v in values:
if isinstance(v, str):
_v = v.encode("utf8")
else:
_v = v
encodedValues.append(_sanitizeLinearWhitespace(_v))
self._rawHeaders[_name] = encodedValues
def addRawHeader(self, name: Union[str, bytes], value: Union[str, bytes]) -> None:
"""
Add a new raw value for the given header.
@param name: The name of the header for which to set the value.
@param value: The value to set for the named header.
"""
self._rawHeaders.setdefault(_nameEncoder.encode(name), []).append(
_sanitizeLinearWhitespace(
value.encode("utf8") if isinstance(value, str) else value
)
)
@overload
def getRawHeaders(self, name: AnyStr) -> Optional[Sequence[AnyStr]]:
...
@overload
def getRawHeaders(self, name: AnyStr, default: _T) -> Union[Sequence[AnyStr], _T]:
...
def getRawHeaders(
self, name: AnyStr, default: Optional[_T] = None
) -> Union[Sequence[AnyStr], Optional[_T]]:
"""
Returns a sequence of headers matching the given name as the raw string
given.
@param name: The name of the HTTP header to get the values of.
@param default: The value to return if no header with the given C{name}
exists.
@return: If the named header is present, a sequence of its
values. Otherwise, C{default}.
"""
encodedName = _nameEncoder.encode(name)
values = self._rawHeaders.get(encodedName, [])
if not values:
return default
if isinstance(name, str):
return [v.decode("utf8") for v in values]
return values
def getAllRawHeaders(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[bytes, Sequence[bytes]]]:
"""
Return an iterator of key, value pairs of all headers contained in this
object, as L{bytes}. The keys are capitalized in canonical
capitalization.
"""
return iter(self._rawHeaders.items())
class _NameEncoder:
"""
C{_NameEncoder} converts HTTP header names to L{bytes} and canonicalizies
their capitalization.
@cvar _caseMappings: A L{dict} that maps conventionally-capitalized
header names to their canonicalized representation, for headers with
unconventional capitalization.
@cvar _canonicalHeaderCache: A L{dict} that maps header names to their
canonicalized representation.
"""
__slots__ = ("_canonicalHeaderCache",)
_canonicalHeaderCache: Dict[Union[bytes, str], bytes]
_caseMappings: ClassVar[Dict[bytes, bytes]] = {
b"Content-Md5": b"Content-MD5",
b"Dnt": b"DNT",
b"Etag": b"ETag",
b"P3p": b"P3P",
b"Te": b"TE",
b"Www-Authenticate": b"WWW-Authenticate",
b"X-Xss-Protection": b"X-XSS-Protection",
}
_MAX_CACHED_HEADERS: ClassVar[int] = 10_000
def __init__(self):
self._canonicalHeaderCache = {}
def encode(self, name: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
"""
Encode the name of a header (eg 'Content-Type') to an ISO-8859-1
bytestring if required. It will be canonicalized to Http-Header-Case.
@raises InvalidHeaderName:
If the header name contains invalid characters like whitespace
or NUL.
@param name: An HTTP header name
@return: C{name}, encoded if required, in Header-Case
"""
if canonicalName := self._canonicalHeaderCache.get(name):
return canonicalName
bytes_name = name.encode("iso-8859-1") if isinstance(name, str) else name
if not _istoken(bytes_name):
raise InvalidHeaderName(bytes_name)
result = b"-".join([word.capitalize() for word in bytes_name.split(b"-")])
# Some headers have special capitalization:
if result in self._caseMappings:
result = self._caseMappings[result]
# In general, we should only see a very small number of header
# variations in the real world, so caching them is fine. However, an
# attacker could generate infinite header variations to fill up RAM, so
# we cap how many we cache. The performance degradation from lack of
# caching won't be that bad, and legit traffic won't hit it.
if len(self._canonicalHeaderCache) < self._MAX_CACHED_HEADERS:
self._canonicalHeaderCache[name] = result
return result
_nameEncoder = _NameEncoder()
"""
The global name encoder.
"""
__all__ = ["Headers"]
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