aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/contrib/libs/llvm12/lib/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPContext.cpp
blob: b94e7950f99a5f28c691a0c3601289ddbd183e36 (plain) (blame)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
//===- OMPContext.cpp ------ Collection of helpers for OpenMP contexts ----===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
/// \file
///
/// This file implements helper functions and classes to deal with OpenMP
/// contexts as used by `[begin/end] declare variant` and `metadirective`.
///
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPContext.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SetOperations.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h" 
#include "llvm/ADT/StringSwitch.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Triple.h" 
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

#define DEBUG_TYPE "openmp-ir-builder"

using namespace llvm;
using namespace omp;

OMPContext::OMPContext(bool IsDeviceCompilation, Triple TargetTriple) {
  // Add the appropriate device kind trait based on the triple and the
  // IsDeviceCompilation flag.
  ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(IsDeviceCompilation
                                ? TraitProperty::device_kind_nohost
                                : TraitProperty::device_kind_host));
  switch (TargetTriple.getArch()) {
  case Triple::arm:
  case Triple::armeb:
  case Triple::aarch64:
  case Triple::aarch64_be:
  case Triple::aarch64_32:
  case Triple::mips:
  case Triple::mipsel:
  case Triple::mips64:
  case Triple::mips64el:
  case Triple::ppc:
  case Triple::ppcle: 
  case Triple::ppc64:
  case Triple::ppc64le:
  case Triple::x86:
  case Triple::x86_64:
    ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::device_kind_cpu));
    break;
  case Triple::amdgcn:
  case Triple::nvptx:
  case Triple::nvptx64:
    ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::device_kind_gpu));
    break;
  default:
    break;
  }

  // Add the appropriate device architecture trait based on the triple.
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  if (TraitSelector::TraitSelectorEnum == TraitSelector::device_arch) {        \ 
    if (TargetTriple.getArch() == TargetTriple.getArchTypeForLLVMName(Str))    \
      ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::Enum));                         \ 
    if (StringRef(Str) == StringRef("x86_64") &&                               \ 
        TargetTriple.getArch() == Triple::x86_64)                              \ 
      ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::Enum));                         \ 
  } 
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"

  // TODO: What exactly do we want to see as device ISA trait?
  //       The discussion on the list did not seem to have come to an agreed
  //       upon solution.

  // LLVM is the "OpenMP vendor" but we could also interpret vendor as the
  // target vendor.
  ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::implementation_vendor_llvm));

  // The user condition true is accepted but not false.
  ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::user_condition_true));

  // This is for sure some device.
  ActiveTraits.set(unsigned(TraitProperty::device_kind_any));

  LLVM_DEBUG({
    dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE
           << "] New OpenMP context with the following properties:\n";
    for (unsigned Bit : ActiveTraits.set_bits()) {
      TraitProperty Property = TraitProperty(Bit);
      dbgs() << "\t " << getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyFullName(Property)
             << "\n";
    }
  });
}

/// Return true if \p C0 is a subset of \p C1. Note that both arrays are
/// expected to be sorted.
template <typename T> static bool isSubset(ArrayRef<T> C0, ArrayRef<T> C1) {
#ifdef EXPENSIVE_CHECKS
  assert(llvm::is_sorted(C0) && llvm::is_sorted(C1) &&
         "Expected sorted arrays!");
#endif
  if (C0.size() > C1.size())
    return false;
  auto It0 = C0.begin(), End0 = C0.end();
  auto It1 = C1.begin(), End1 = C1.end();
  while (It0 != End0) {
    if (It1 == End1)
      return false;
    if (*It0 == *It1) {
      ++It0;
      ++It1;
      continue;
    }
    ++It0;
  }
  return true;
}

/// Return true if \p C0 is a strict subset of \p C1. Note that both arrays are
/// expected to be sorted.
template <typename T>
static bool isStrictSubset(ArrayRef<T> C0, ArrayRef<T> C1) {
  if (C0.size() >= C1.size())
    return false;
  return isSubset<T>(C0, C1);
}

static bool isStrictSubset(const VariantMatchInfo &VMI0,
                           const VariantMatchInfo &VMI1) {
  // If all required traits are a strict subset and the ordered vectors storing
  // the construct traits, we say it is a strict subset. Note that the latter
  // relation is not required to be strict.
  if (VMI0.RequiredTraits.count() >= VMI1.RequiredTraits.count())
    return false;
  for (unsigned Bit : VMI0.RequiredTraits.set_bits())
    if (!VMI1.RequiredTraits.test(Bit))
      return false;
  if (!isSubset<TraitProperty>(VMI0.ConstructTraits, VMI1.ConstructTraits))
    return false;
  return true;
}

static int isVariantApplicableInContextHelper(
    const VariantMatchInfo &VMI, const OMPContext &Ctx,
    SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> *ConstructMatches, bool DeviceSetOnly) {

  // The match kind determines if we need to match all traits, any of the
  // traits, or none of the traits for it to be an applicable context.
  enum MatchKind { MK_ALL, MK_ANY, MK_NONE };

  MatchKind MK = MK_ALL;
  // Determine the match kind the user wants, "all" is the default and provided
  // to the user only for completeness.
  if (VMI.RequiredTraits.test(
          unsigned(TraitProperty::implementation_extension_match_any)))
    MK = MK_ANY;
  if (VMI.RequiredTraits.test(
          unsigned(TraitProperty::implementation_extension_match_none)))
    MK = MK_NONE;

  // Helper to deal with a single property that was (not) found in the OpenMP
  // context based on the match kind selected by the user via
  // `implementation={extensions(match_[all,any,none])}'
  auto HandleTrait = [MK](TraitProperty Property,
                          bool WasFound) -> Optional<bool> /* Result */ {
    // For kind "any" a single match is enough but we ignore non-matched
    // properties.
    if (MK == MK_ANY) {
      if (WasFound)
        return true;
      return None;
    }

    // In "all" or "none" mode we accept a matching or non-matching property
    // respectively and move on. We are not done yet!
    if ((WasFound && MK == MK_ALL) || (!WasFound && MK == MK_NONE))
      return None;

    // We missed a property, provide some debug output and indicate failure.
    LLVM_DEBUG({
      if (MK == MK_ALL)
        dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE << "] Property "
               << getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyName(Property, "") 
               << " was not in the OpenMP context but match kind is all.\n";
      if (MK == MK_NONE)
        dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE << "] Property "
               << getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyName(Property, "") 
               << " was in the OpenMP context but match kind is none.\n";
    });
    return false;
  };

  for (unsigned Bit : VMI.RequiredTraits.set_bits()) {
    TraitProperty Property = TraitProperty(Bit);
    if (DeviceSetOnly &&
        getOpenMPContextTraitSetForProperty(Property) != TraitSet::device)
      continue;

    // So far all extensions are handled elsewhere, we skip them here as they
    // are not part of the OpenMP context.
    if (getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorForProperty(Property) ==
        TraitSelector::implementation_extension)
      continue;

    bool IsActiveTrait = Ctx.ActiveTraits.test(unsigned(Property));
 
    // We overwrite the isa trait as it is actually up to the OMPContext hook to 
    // check the raw string(s). 
    if (Property == TraitProperty::device_isa___ANY) 
      IsActiveTrait = llvm::all_of(VMI.ISATraits, [&](StringRef RawString) { 
        return Ctx.matchesISATrait(RawString); 
      }); 
 
    Optional<bool> Result = HandleTrait(Property, IsActiveTrait);
    if (Result.hasValue())
      return Result.getValue();
  }

  if (!DeviceSetOnly) {
    // We could use isSubset here but we also want to record the match
    // locations.
    unsigned ConstructIdx = 0, NoConstructTraits = Ctx.ConstructTraits.size();
    for (TraitProperty Property : VMI.ConstructTraits) {
      assert(getOpenMPContextTraitSetForProperty(Property) ==
                 TraitSet::construct &&
             "Variant context is ill-formed!");

      // Verify the nesting.
      bool FoundInOrder = false;
      while (!FoundInOrder && ConstructIdx != NoConstructTraits)
        FoundInOrder = (Ctx.ConstructTraits[ConstructIdx++] == Property);
      if (ConstructMatches)
        ConstructMatches->push_back(ConstructIdx - 1);

      Optional<bool> Result = HandleTrait(Property, FoundInOrder);
      if (Result.hasValue())
        return Result.getValue();

      if (!FoundInOrder) {
        LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE << "] Construct property "
                          << getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyName(Property, "") 
                          << " was not nested properly.\n");
        return false;
      }

      // TODO: Verify SIMD
    }

    assert(isSubset<TraitProperty>(VMI.ConstructTraits, Ctx.ConstructTraits) &&
           "Broken invariant!");
  }

  if (MK == MK_ANY) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE
                      << "] None of the properties was in the OpenMP context "
                         "but match kind is any.\n");
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool llvm::omp::isVariantApplicableInContext(const VariantMatchInfo &VMI,
                                             const OMPContext &Ctx,
                                             bool DeviceSetOnly) {
  return isVariantApplicableInContextHelper(
      VMI, Ctx, /* ConstructMatches */ nullptr, DeviceSetOnly);
}

static APInt getVariantMatchScore(const VariantMatchInfo &VMI,
                                  const OMPContext &Ctx,
                                  SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> &ConstructMatches) {
  APInt Score(64, 1);

  unsigned NoConstructTraits = VMI.ConstructTraits.size();
  for (unsigned Bit : VMI.RequiredTraits.set_bits()) {
    TraitProperty Property = TraitProperty(Bit);
    // If there is a user score attached, use it.
    if (VMI.ScoreMap.count(Property)) {
      const APInt &UserScore = VMI.ScoreMap.lookup(Property);
      assert(UserScore.uge(0) && "Expect non-negative user scores!");
      Score += UserScore.getZExtValue();
      continue;
    }

    switch (getOpenMPContextTraitSetForProperty(Property)) {
    case TraitSet::construct:
      // We handle the construct traits later via the VMI.ConstructTraits
      // container.
      continue;
    case TraitSet::implementation:
      // No effect on the score (implementation defined).
      continue;
    case TraitSet::user:
      // No effect on the score.
      continue;
    case TraitSet::device:
      // Handled separately below.
      break;
    case TraitSet::invalid:
      llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait set is not to be used!");
    }

    // device={kind(any)} is "as if" no kind selector was specified.
    if (Property == TraitProperty::device_kind_any)
      continue;

    switch (getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorForProperty(Property)) {
    case TraitSelector::device_kind:
      Score += (1ULL << (NoConstructTraits + 0));
      continue;
    case TraitSelector::device_arch:
      Score += (1ULL << (NoConstructTraits + 1));
      continue;
    case TraitSelector::device_isa:
      Score += (1ULL << (NoConstructTraits + 2));
      continue;
    default:
      continue;
    }
  }

  unsigned ConstructIdx = 0;
  assert(NoConstructTraits == ConstructMatches.size() &&
         "Mismatch in the construct traits!");
  for (TraitProperty Property : VMI.ConstructTraits) {
    assert(getOpenMPContextTraitSetForProperty(Property) ==
               TraitSet::construct &&
           "Ill-formed variant match info!");
    (void)Property;
    // ConstructMatches is the position p - 1 and we need 2^(p-1).
    Score += (1ULL << ConstructMatches[ConstructIdx++]);
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "[" << DEBUG_TYPE << "] Variant has a score of " << Score
                    << "\n");
  return Score;
}

int llvm::omp::getBestVariantMatchForContext(
    const SmallVectorImpl<VariantMatchInfo> &VMIs, const OMPContext &Ctx) {

  APInt BestScore(64, 0);
  int BestVMIIdx = -1;
  const VariantMatchInfo *BestVMI = nullptr;

  for (unsigned u = 0, e = VMIs.size(); u < e; ++u) {
    const VariantMatchInfo &VMI = VMIs[u];

    SmallVector<unsigned, 8> ConstructMatches;
    // If the variant is not applicable its not the best.
    if (!isVariantApplicableInContextHelper(VMI, Ctx, &ConstructMatches,
                                            /* DeviceSetOnly */ false))
      continue;
    // Check if its clearly not the best.
    APInt Score = getVariantMatchScore(VMI, Ctx, ConstructMatches);
    if (Score.ult(BestScore))
      continue;
    // Equal score need subset checks.
    if (Score.eq(BestScore)) {
      // Strict subset are never best.
      if (isStrictSubset(VMI, *BestVMI))
        continue;
      // Same score and the current best is no strict subset so we keep it.
      if (!isStrictSubset(*BestVMI, VMI))
        continue;
    }
    // New best found.
    BestVMI = &VMI;
    BestVMIIdx = u;
    BestScore = Score;
  }

  return BestVMIIdx;
}

TraitSet llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSetKind(StringRef S) {
  return StringSwitch<TraitSet>(S)
#define OMP_TRAIT_SET(Enum, Str) .Case(Str, TraitSet::Enum)
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
      .Default(TraitSet::invalid);
}

TraitSet
llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSetForSelector(TraitSelector Selector) {
  switch (Selector) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_SELECTOR(Enum, TraitSetEnum, Str, ReqProp)                   \
  case TraitSelector::Enum:                                                    \
    return TraitSet::TraitSetEnum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait selector!");
}
TraitSet
llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSetForProperty(TraitProperty Property) {
  switch (Property) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  case TraitProperty::Enum:                                                    \
    return TraitSet::TraitSetEnum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait set!");
}
StringRef llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSetName(TraitSet Kind) {
  switch (Kind) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_SET(Enum, Str)                                               \
  case TraitSet::Enum:                                                         \
    return Str;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait set!");
}

TraitSelector llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorKind(StringRef S) {
  return StringSwitch<TraitSelector>(S)
#define OMP_TRAIT_SELECTOR(Enum, TraitSetEnum, Str, ReqProp)                   \
  .Case(Str, TraitSelector::Enum)
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
      .Default(TraitSelector::invalid);
}
TraitSelector
llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorForProperty(TraitProperty Property) {
  switch (Property) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  case TraitProperty::Enum:                                                    \
    return TraitSelector::TraitSelectorEnum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait set!");
}
StringRef llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorName(TraitSelector Kind) {
  switch (Kind) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_SELECTOR(Enum, TraitSetEnum, Str, ReqProp)                   \
  case TraitSelector::Enum:                                                    \
    return Str;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait selector!");
}

TraitProperty llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyKind( 
    TraitSet Set, TraitSelector Selector, StringRef S) { 
  // Special handling for `device={isa(...)}` as we accept anything here. It is 
  // up to the target to decide if the feature is available. 
  if (Set == TraitSet::device && Selector == TraitSelector::device_isa) 
    return TraitProperty::device_isa___ANY; 
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  if (Set == TraitSet::TraitSetEnum && Str == S)                               \
    return TraitProperty::Enum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  return TraitProperty::invalid;
}
TraitProperty
llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyForSelector(TraitSelector Selector) {
  return StringSwitch<TraitProperty>(
             getOpenMPContextTraitSelectorName(Selector))
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  .Case(Str, Selector == TraitSelector::TraitSelectorEnum                      \
                 ? TraitProperty::Enum                                         \
                 : TraitProperty::invalid)
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
      .Default(TraitProperty::invalid);
}
StringRef llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyName(TraitProperty Kind, 
                                                       StringRef RawString) { 
  if (Kind == TraitProperty::device_isa___ANY) 
    return RawString; 
  switch (Kind) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  case TraitProperty::Enum:                                                    \
    return Str;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait property!");
}
StringRef llvm::omp::getOpenMPContextTraitPropertyFullName(TraitProperty Kind) {
  switch (Kind) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  case TraitProperty::Enum:                                                    \
    return "(" #TraitSetEnum "," #TraitSelectorEnum "," Str ")";
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait property!");
}

bool llvm::omp::isValidTraitSelectorForTraitSet(TraitSelector Selector,
                                                TraitSet Set,
                                                bool &AllowsTraitScore,
                                                bool &RequiresProperty) {
  AllowsTraitScore = Set != TraitSet::construct && Set != TraitSet::device;
  switch (Selector) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_SELECTOR(Enum, TraitSetEnum, Str, ReqProp)                   \
  case TraitSelector::Enum:                                                    \
    RequiresProperty = ReqProp;                                                \
    return Set == TraitSet::TraitSetEnum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait selector!");
}

bool llvm::omp::isValidTraitPropertyForTraitSetAndSelector(
    TraitProperty Property, TraitSelector Selector, TraitSet Set) {
  switch (Property) {
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  case TraitProperty::Enum:                                                    \
    return Set == TraitSet::TraitSetEnum &&                                    \
           Selector == TraitSelector::TraitSelectorEnum;
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  }
  llvm_unreachable("Unknown trait property!");
}

std::string llvm::omp::listOpenMPContextTraitSets() {
  std::string S;
#define OMP_TRAIT_SET(Enum, Str)                                               \
  if (StringRef(Str) != "invalid")                                             \
    S.append("'").append(Str).append("'").append(" ");
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  S.pop_back();
  return S;
}

std::string llvm::omp::listOpenMPContextTraitSelectors(TraitSet Set) {
  std::string S;
#define OMP_TRAIT_SELECTOR(Enum, TraitSetEnum, Str, ReqProp)                   \
  if (TraitSet::TraitSetEnum == Set && StringRef(Str) != "Invalid")            \
    S.append("'").append(Str).append("'").append(" ");
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  S.pop_back();
  return S;
}

std::string
llvm::omp::listOpenMPContextTraitProperties(TraitSet Set,
                                            TraitSelector Selector) {
  std::string S;
#define OMP_TRAIT_PROPERTY(Enum, TraitSetEnum, TraitSelectorEnum, Str)         \
  if (TraitSet::TraitSetEnum == Set &&                                         \
      TraitSelector::TraitSelectorEnum == Selector &&                          \
      StringRef(Str) != "invalid")                                             \
    S.append("'").append(Str).append("'").append(" ");
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPKinds.def"
  if (S.empty())
    return "<none>";
  S.pop_back();
  return S;
}