Library import 16 (#2433)

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1 files changed, 2784 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/tools/python3/Modules/_zoneinfo.c b/contrib/tools/python3/Modules/_zoneinfo.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fc8616241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/tools/python3/Modules/_zoneinfo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2784 @@
+#ifndef Py_BUILD_CORE_BUILTIN
+#  define Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE 1
+#endif
+
+#include "Python.h"
+#include "pycore_long.h"          // _PyLong_GetOne()
+#include "structmember.h"
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "datetime.h"
+
+#include "clinic/_zoneinfo.c.h"
+/*[clinic input]
+module zoneinfo
+class zoneinfo.ZoneInfo "PyObject *" "PyTypeObject *"
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=da39a3ee5e6b4b0d input=d12c73c0eef36df8]*/
+
+
+typedef struct TransitionRuleType TransitionRuleType;
+typedef struct StrongCacheNode StrongCacheNode;
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject *utcoff;
+    PyObject *dstoff;
+    PyObject *tzname;
+    long utcoff_seconds;
+} _ttinfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+    _ttinfo std;
+    _ttinfo dst;
+    int dst_diff;
+    TransitionRuleType *start;
+    TransitionRuleType *end;
+    unsigned char std_only;
+} _tzrule;
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyDateTime_TZInfo base;
+    PyObject *key;
+    PyObject *file_repr;
+    PyObject *weakreflist;
+    size_t num_transitions;
+    size_t num_ttinfos;
+    int64_t *trans_list_utc;
+    int64_t *trans_list_wall[2];
+    _ttinfo **trans_ttinfos;  // References to the ttinfo for each transition
+    _ttinfo *ttinfo_before;
+    _tzrule tzrule_after;
+    _ttinfo *_ttinfos;  // Unique array of ttinfos for ease of deallocation
+    unsigned char fixed_offset;
+    unsigned char source;
+} PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo;
+
+struct TransitionRuleType {
+    int64_t (*year_to_timestamp)(TransitionRuleType *, int);
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    TransitionRuleType base;
+    uint8_t month;      /* 1 - 12 */
+    uint8_t week;       /* 1 - 5 */
+    uint8_t day;        /* 0 - 6 */
+    int16_t hour;       /* -167 - 167, RFC 8536 §3.3.1 */
+    int8_t minute;      /* signed 2 digits */
+    int8_t second;      /* signed 2 digits */
+} CalendarRule;
+
+typedef struct {
+    TransitionRuleType base;
+    uint8_t julian;     /* 0, 1 */
+    uint16_t day;       /* 0 - 365 */
+    int16_t hour;       /* -167 - 167, RFC 8536 §3.3.1 */
+    int8_t minute;      /* signed 2 digits */
+    int8_t second;      /* signed 2 digits */
+} DayRule;
+
+struct StrongCacheNode {
+    StrongCacheNode *next;
+    StrongCacheNode *prev;
+    PyObject *key;
+    PyObject *zone;
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    PyTypeObject *ZoneInfoType;
+
+    // Imports
+    PyObject *io_open;
+    PyObject *_tzpath_find_tzfile;
+    PyObject *_common_mod;
+
+    // Caches
+    PyObject *TIMEDELTA_CACHE;
+    PyObject *ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE;
+    StrongCacheNode *ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE;
+
+    _ttinfo NO_TTINFO;
+} zoneinfo_state;
+
+// Constants
+static const int EPOCHORDINAL = 719163;
+static int DAYS_IN_MONTH[] = {
+    -1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31,
+};
+
+static int DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[] = {
+    -1, 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334,
+};
+
+static const int SOURCE_NOCACHE = 0;
+static const int SOURCE_CACHE = 1;
+static const int SOURCE_FILE = 2;
+
+static const size_t ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 8;
+
+// Forward declarations
+static int
+load_data(zoneinfo_state *state, PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self,
+          PyObject *file_obj);
+static void
+utcoff_to_dstoff(size_t *trans_idx, long *utcoffs, long *dstoffs,
+                 unsigned char *isdsts, size_t num_transitions,
+                 size_t num_ttinfos);
+static int
+ts_to_local(size_t *trans_idx, int64_t *trans_utc, long *utcoff,
+            int64_t *trans_local[2], size_t num_ttinfos,
+            size_t num_transitions);
+
+static int
+parse_tz_str(zoneinfo_state *state, PyObject *tz_str_obj, _tzrule *out);
+
+static int
+parse_abbr(const char **p, PyObject **abbr);
+static int
+parse_tz_delta(const char **p, long *total_seconds);
+static int
+parse_transition_time(const char **p, int *hour, int *minute, int *second);
+static int
+parse_transition_rule(const char **p, TransitionRuleType **out);
+
+static _ttinfo *
+find_tzrule_ttinfo(_tzrule *rule, int64_t ts, unsigned char fold, int year);
+static _ttinfo *
+find_tzrule_ttinfo_fromutc(_tzrule *rule, int64_t ts, int year,
+                           unsigned char *fold);
+
+static int
+build_ttinfo(zoneinfo_state *state, long utcoffset, long dstoffset,
+             PyObject *tzname, _ttinfo *out);
+static void
+xdecref_ttinfo(_ttinfo *ttinfo);
+static int
+ttinfo_eq(const _ttinfo *const tti0, const _ttinfo *const tti1);
+
+static int
+build_tzrule(zoneinfo_state *state, PyObject *std_abbr, PyObject *dst_abbr,
+             long std_offset, long dst_offset, TransitionRuleType *start,
+             TransitionRuleType *end, _tzrule *out);
+static void
+free_tzrule(_tzrule *tzrule);
+
+static PyObject *
+load_timedelta(zoneinfo_state *state, long seconds);
+
+static int
+get_local_timestamp(PyObject *dt, int64_t *local_ts);
+static _ttinfo *
+find_ttinfo(zoneinfo_state *state, PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self, PyObject *dt);
+
+static int
+ymd_to_ord(int y, int m, int d);
+static int
+is_leap_year(int year);
+
+static size_t
+_bisect(const int64_t value, const int64_t *arr, size_t size);
+
+static int
+eject_from_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                        PyObject *key);
+static void
+clear_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type);
+static void
+update_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                    PyObject *key, PyObject *zone);
+static PyObject *
+zone_from_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                       PyObject *const key);
+
+static inline zoneinfo_state *
+zoneinfo_get_state(PyObject *mod)
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = (zoneinfo_state *)PyModule_GetState(mod);
+    assert(state != NULL);
+    return state;
+}
+
+static inline zoneinfo_state *
+zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(PyTypeObject *cls)
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = (zoneinfo_state *)_PyType_GetModuleState(cls);
+    assert(state != NULL);
+    return state;
+}
+
+static struct PyModuleDef zoneinfomodule;
+
+static inline zoneinfo_state *
+zoneinfo_get_state_by_self(PyTypeObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *mod = PyType_GetModuleByDef(self, &zoneinfomodule);
+    assert(mod != NULL);
+    return zoneinfo_get_state(mod);
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_new_instance(zoneinfo_state *state, PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *key)
+{
+    PyObject *file_obj = NULL;
+    PyObject *file_path = NULL;
+
+    file_path = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(state->_tzpath_find_tzfile,
+                                             key, NULL);
+    if (file_path == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    else if (file_path == Py_None) {
+        PyObject *meth = state->_common_mod;
+        file_obj = PyObject_CallMethod(meth, "load_tzdata", "O", key);
+        if (file_obj == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(file_path);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyObject *self = (PyObject *)(type->tp_alloc(type, 0));
+    if (self == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (file_obj == NULL) {
+        PyObject *func = state->io_open;
+        file_obj = PyObject_CallFunction(func, "Os", file_path, "rb");
+        if (file_obj == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (load_data(state, (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)self, file_obj)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *rv = PyObject_CallMethod(file_obj, "close", NULL);
+    Py_SETREF(file_obj, NULL);
+    if (rv == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(rv);
+
+    ((PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)self)->key = Py_NewRef(key);
+
+    goto cleanup;
+error:
+    Py_CLEAR(self);
+cleanup:
+    if (file_obj != NULL) {
+        PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
+        PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethod(file_obj, "close", NULL);
+        _PyErr_ChainExceptions1(exc);
+        if (tmp == NULL) {
+            Py_CLEAR(self);
+        }
+        Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(file_obj);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(file_path);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+get_weak_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, PyTypeObject *type)
+{
+    if (type == state->ZoneInfoType) {
+        return state->ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE;
+    }
+    else {
+        PyObject *cache =
+            PyObject_GetAttrString((PyObject *)type, "_weak_cache");
+        // We are assuming that the type lives at least as long as the function
+        // that calls get_weak_cache, and that it holds a reference to the
+        // cache, so we'll return a "borrowed reference".
+        Py_XDECREF(cache);
+        return cache;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
+{
+    PyObject *key = NULL;
+    static char *kwlist[] = {"key", NULL};
+    if (PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kw, "O", kwlist, &key) == 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_self(type);
+    PyObject *instance = zone_from_strong_cache(state, type, key);
+    if (instance != NULL || PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *weak_cache = get_weak_cache(state, type);
+    instance = PyObject_CallMethod(weak_cache, "get", "O", key, Py_None);
+    if (instance == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (instance == Py_None) {
+        Py_DECREF(instance);
+        PyObject *tmp = zoneinfo_new_instance(state, type, key);
+        if (tmp == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        instance =
+            PyObject_CallMethod(weak_cache, "setdefault", "OO", key, tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        if (instance == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        ((PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)instance)->source = SOURCE_CACHE;
+    }
+
+    update_strong_cache(state, type, key, instance);
+    return instance;
+}
+
+static int
+zoneinfo_traverse(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(Py_TYPE(self));
+    Py_VISIT(self->key);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+zoneinfo_clear(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self)
+{
+    Py_CLEAR(self->key);
+    Py_CLEAR(self->file_repr);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+zoneinfo_dealloc(PyObject *obj_self)
+{
+    PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self = (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)obj_self;
+    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(self);
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+
+    if (self->weakreflist != NULL) {
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(obj_self);
+    }
+
+    if (self->trans_list_utc != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(self->trans_list_utc);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+        if (self->trans_list_wall[i] != NULL) {
+            PyMem_Free(self->trans_list_wall[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (self->_ttinfos != NULL) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_ttinfos; ++i) {
+            xdecref_ttinfo(&(self->_ttinfos[i]));
+        }
+        PyMem_Free(self->_ttinfos);
+    }
+
+    if (self->trans_ttinfos != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(self->trans_ttinfos);
+    }
+
+    free_tzrule(&(self->tzrule_after));
+
+    zoneinfo_clear(self);
+    tp->tp_free(obj_self);
+    Py_DECREF(tp);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+@classmethod
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.from_file
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    file_obj: object
+    /
+    key: object = None
+
+Create a ZoneInfo file from a file object.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_from_file_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                                 PyObject *file_obj, PyObject *key)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=77887d1d56a48324 input=d26111f29eed6863]*/
+{
+    PyObject *file_repr = NULL;
+    PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self = NULL;
+
+    PyObject *obj_self = (PyObject *)(type->tp_alloc(type, 0));
+    self = (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)obj_self;
+    if (self == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    file_repr = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%R", file_obj);
+    if (file_repr == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    if (load_data(state, self, file_obj)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    self->source = SOURCE_FILE;
+    self->file_repr = file_repr;
+    self->key = Py_NewRef(key);
+    return obj_self;
+
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(file_repr);
+    Py_XDECREF(self);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+@classmethod
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.no_cache
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    /
+    key: object
+
+Get a new instance of ZoneInfo, bypassing the cache.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_no_cache_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                                PyObject *key)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=b0b09b3344c171b7 input=0238f3d56b1ea3f1]*/
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    PyObject *out = zoneinfo_new_instance(state, type, key);
+    if (out != NULL) {
+        ((PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)out)->source = SOURCE_NOCACHE;
+    }
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+@classmethod
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.clear_cache
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    /
+    *
+    only_keys: object = None
+
+Clear the ZoneInfo cache.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_clear_cache_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                                   PyObject *only_keys)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=114d9b7c8a22e660 input=e32ca3bb396788ba]*/
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    PyObject *weak_cache = get_weak_cache(state, type);
+
+    if (only_keys == NULL || only_keys == Py_None) {
+        PyObject *rv = PyObject_CallMethod(weak_cache, "clear", NULL);
+        if (rv != NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(rv);
+        }
+
+        clear_strong_cache(state, type);
+    }
+    else {
+        PyObject *item = NULL;
+        PyObject *pop = PyUnicode_FromString("pop");
+        if (pop == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        PyObject *iter = PyObject_GetIter(only_keys);
+        if (iter == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(pop);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        while ((item = PyIter_Next(iter))) {
+            // Remove from strong cache
+            if (eject_from_strong_cache(state, type, item) < 0) {
+                Py_DECREF(item);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Remove from weak cache
+            PyObject *tmp = PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(weak_cache, pop, item,
+                                                       Py_None, NULL);
+
+            Py_DECREF(item);
+            if (tmp == NULL) {
+                break;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(iter);
+        Py_DECREF(pop);
+    }
+
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.utcoffset
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    dt: object
+    /
+
+Retrieve a timedelta representing the UTC offset in a zone at the given datetime.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_utcoffset_impl(PyObject *self, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                                 PyObject *dt)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=b71016c319ba1f91 input=2bb6c5364938f19c]*/
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    _ttinfo *tti = find_ttinfo(state, (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)self, dt);
+    if (tti == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_NewRef(tti->utcoff);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.dst
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    dt: object
+    /
+
+Retrieve a timedelta representing the amount of DST applied in a zone at the given datetime.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_dst_impl(PyObject *self, PyTypeObject *cls, PyObject *dt)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=cb6168d7723a6ae6 input=2167fb80cf8645c6]*/
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    _ttinfo *tti = find_ttinfo(state, (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)self, dt);
+    if (tti == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_NewRef(tti->dstoff);
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.tzname
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    dt: object
+    /
+
+Retrieve a string containing the abbreviation for the time zone that applies in a zone at a given datetime.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo_tzname_impl(PyObject *self, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                              PyObject *dt)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=3b6ae6c3053ea75a input=15a59a4f92ed1f1f]*/
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+    _ttinfo *tti = find_ttinfo(state, (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)self, dt);
+    if (tti == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return Py_NewRef(tti->tzname);
+}
+
+#define GET_DT_TZINFO PyDateTime_DATE_GET_TZINFO
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_fromutc(PyObject *obj_self, PyObject *dt)
+{
+    if (!PyDateTime_Check(dt)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "fromutc: argument must be a datetime");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (GET_DT_TZINFO(dt) != obj_self) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
+                        "fromutc: dt.tzinfo "
+                        "is not self");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self = (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)obj_self;
+
+    int64_t timestamp;
+    if (get_local_timestamp(dt, &timestamp)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    size_t num_trans = self->num_transitions;
+
+    _ttinfo *tti = NULL;
+    unsigned char fold = 0;
+
+    if (num_trans >= 1 && timestamp < self->trans_list_utc[0]) {
+        tti = self->ttinfo_before;
+    }
+    else if (num_trans == 0 ||
+             timestamp > self->trans_list_utc[num_trans - 1]) {
+        tti = find_tzrule_ttinfo_fromutc(&(self->tzrule_after), timestamp,
+                                         PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(dt), &fold);
+
+        // Immediately after the last manual transition, the fold/gap is
+        // between self->trans_ttinfos[num_transitions - 1] and whatever
+        // ttinfo applies immediately after the last transition, not between
+        // the STD and DST rules in the tzrule_after, so we may need to
+        // adjust the fold value.
+        if (num_trans) {
+            _ttinfo *tti_prev = NULL;
+            if (num_trans == 1) {
+                tti_prev = self->ttinfo_before;
+            }
+            else {
+                tti_prev = self->trans_ttinfos[num_trans - 2];
+            }
+            int64_t diff = tti_prev->utcoff_seconds - tti->utcoff_seconds;
+            if (diff > 0 &&
+                timestamp < (self->trans_list_utc[num_trans - 1] + diff)) {
+                fold = 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        size_t idx = _bisect(timestamp, self->trans_list_utc, num_trans);
+        _ttinfo *tti_prev = NULL;
+
+        if (idx >= 2) {
+            tti_prev = self->trans_ttinfos[idx - 2];
+            tti = self->trans_ttinfos[idx - 1];
+        }
+        else {
+            tti_prev = self->ttinfo_before;
+            tti = self->trans_ttinfos[0];
+        }
+
+        // Detect fold
+        int64_t shift =
+            (int64_t)(tti_prev->utcoff_seconds - tti->utcoff_seconds);
+        if (shift > (timestamp - self->trans_list_utc[idx - 1])) {
+            fold = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Add(dt, tti->utcoff);
+    if (tmp == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (fold) {
+        if (PyDateTime_CheckExact(tmp)) {
+            ((PyDateTime_DateTime *)tmp)->fold = 1;
+            dt = tmp;
+        }
+        else {
+            PyObject *replace = PyObject_GetAttrString(tmp, "replace");
+            Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            if (replace == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            if (args == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(replace);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            PyObject *kwargs = PyDict_New();
+            if (kwargs == NULL) {
+                Py_DECREF(replace);
+                Py_DECREF(args);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            dt = NULL;
+            if (!PyDict_SetItemString(kwargs, "fold", _PyLong_GetOne())) {
+                dt = PyObject_Call(replace, args, kwargs);
+            }
+
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            Py_DECREF(kwargs);
+            Py_DECREF(replace);
+
+            if (dt == NULL) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        dt = tmp;
+    }
+    return dt;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_repr(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self)
+{
+    PyObject *rv = NULL;
+    const char *type_name = Py_TYPE((PyObject *)self)->tp_name;
+    if (!(self->key == Py_None)) {
+        rv = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%s(key=%R)", type_name, self->key);
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(PyUnicode_Check(self->file_repr));
+        rv = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%s.from_file(%U)", type_name,
+                                  self->file_repr);
+    }
+
+    return rv;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_str(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self)
+{
+    if (!(self->key == Py_None)) {
+        return Py_NewRef(self->key);
+    }
+    else {
+        return zoneinfo_repr(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Pickles the ZoneInfo object by key and source.
+ *
+ * ZoneInfo objects are pickled by reference to the TZif file that they came
+ * from, which means that the exact transitions may be different or the file
+ * may not un-pickle if the data has changed on disk in the interim.
+ *
+ * It is necessary to include a bit indicating whether or not the object
+ * was constructed from the cache, because from-cache objects will hit the
+ * unpickling process's cache, whereas no-cache objects will bypass it.
+ *
+ * Objects constructed from ZoneInfo.from_file cannot be pickled.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_reduce(PyObject *obj_self, PyObject *unused)
+{
+    PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self = (PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *)obj_self;
+    if (self->source == SOURCE_FILE) {
+        // Objects constructed from files cannot be pickled.
+        PyObject *pickle_error =
+            _PyImport_GetModuleAttrString("pickle", "PicklingError");
+        if (pickle_error == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        PyErr_Format(pickle_error,
+                     "Cannot pickle a ZoneInfo file from a file stream.");
+        Py_DECREF(pickle_error);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    unsigned char from_cache = self->source == SOURCE_CACHE ? 1 : 0;
+    PyObject *constructor = PyObject_GetAttrString(obj_self, "_unpickle");
+
+    if (constructor == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *rv = Py_BuildValue("O(OB)", constructor, self->key, from_cache);
+    Py_DECREF(constructor);
+    return rv;
+}
+
+/*[clinic input]
+@classmethod
+zoneinfo.ZoneInfo._unpickle
+
+    cls: defining_class
+    key: object
+    from_cache: unsigned_char(bitwise=True)
+    /
+
+Private method used in unpickling.
+[clinic start generated code]*/
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_ZoneInfo__unpickle_impl(PyTypeObject *type, PyTypeObject *cls,
+                                 PyObject *key, unsigned char from_cache)
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=556712fc709deecb input=6ac8c73eed3de316]*/
+{
+    if (from_cache) {
+        PyObject *val_args = Py_BuildValue("(O)", key);
+        if (val_args == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        PyObject *rv = zoneinfo_new(type, val_args, NULL);
+
+        Py_DECREF(val_args);
+        return rv;
+    }
+    else {
+        zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state_by_cls(cls);
+        return zoneinfo_new_instance(state, type, key);
+    }
+}
+
+/* It is relatively expensive to construct new timedelta objects, and in most
+ * cases we're looking at a relatively small number of timedeltas, such as
+ * integer number of hours, etc. We will keep a cache so that we construct
+ * a minimal number of these.
+ *
+ * Possibly this should be replaced with an LRU cache so that it's not possible
+ * for the memory usage to explode from this, but in order for this to be a
+ * serious problem, one would need to deliberately craft a malicious time zone
+ * file with many distinct offsets. As of tzdb 2019c, loading every single zone
+ * fills the cache with ~450 timedeltas for a total size of ~12kB.
+ *
+ * This returns a new reference to the timedelta.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+load_timedelta(zoneinfo_state *state, long seconds)
+{
+    PyObject *rv;
+    PyObject *pyoffset = PyLong_FromLong(seconds);
+    if (pyoffset == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    rv = PyDict_GetItemWithError(state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE, pyoffset);
+    if (rv == NULL) {
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        PyObject *tmp = PyDateTimeAPI->Delta_FromDelta(
+            0, seconds, 0, 1, PyDateTimeAPI->DeltaType);
+
+        if (tmp == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        rv = PyDict_SetDefault(state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE, pyoffset, tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+    }
+
+    Py_XINCREF(rv);
+    Py_DECREF(pyoffset);
+    return rv;
+error:
+    Py_DECREF(pyoffset);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Constructor for _ttinfo object - this starts by initializing the _ttinfo
+ * to { NULL, NULL, NULL }, so that Py_XDECREF will work on partially
+ * initialized _ttinfo objects.
+ */
+static int
+build_ttinfo(zoneinfo_state *state, long utcoffset, long dstoffset,
+             PyObject *tzname, _ttinfo *out)
+{
+    out->utcoff = NULL;
+    out->dstoff = NULL;
+    out->tzname = NULL;
+
+    out->utcoff_seconds = utcoffset;
+    out->utcoff = load_timedelta(state, utcoffset);
+    if (out->utcoff == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    out->dstoff = load_timedelta(state, dstoffset);
+    if (out->dstoff == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    out->tzname = Py_NewRef(tzname);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Decrease reference count on any non-NULL members of a _ttinfo  */
+static void
+xdecref_ttinfo(_ttinfo *ttinfo)
+{
+    if (ttinfo != NULL) {
+        Py_XDECREF(ttinfo->utcoff);
+        Py_XDECREF(ttinfo->dstoff);
+        Py_XDECREF(ttinfo->tzname);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Equality function for _ttinfo. */
+static int
+ttinfo_eq(const _ttinfo *const tti0, const _ttinfo *const tti1)
+{
+    int rv;
+    if ((rv = PyObject_RichCompareBool(tti0->utcoff, tti1->utcoff, Py_EQ)) <
+        1) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    if ((rv = PyObject_RichCompareBool(tti0->dstoff, tti1->dstoff, Py_EQ)) <
+        1) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    if ((rv = PyObject_RichCompareBool(tti0->tzname, tti1->tzname, Py_EQ)) <
+        1) {
+        goto end;
+    }
+end:
+    return rv;
+}
+
+/* Given a file-like object, this populates a ZoneInfo object
+ *
+ * The current version calls into a Python function to read the data from
+ * file into Python objects, and this translates those Python objects into
+ * C values and calculates derived values (e.g. dstoff) in C.
+ *
+ * This returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.
+ *
+ * The function will never return while `self` is partially initialized —
+ * the object only needs to be freed / deallocated if this succeeds.
+ */
+static int
+load_data(zoneinfo_state *state, PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self, PyObject *file_obj)
+{
+    PyObject *data_tuple = NULL;
+
+    long *utcoff = NULL;
+    long *dstoff = NULL;
+    size_t *trans_idx = NULL;
+    unsigned char *isdst = NULL;
+
+    self->trans_list_utc = NULL;
+    self->trans_list_wall[0] = NULL;
+    self->trans_list_wall[1] = NULL;
+    self->trans_ttinfos = NULL;
+    self->_ttinfos = NULL;
+    self->file_repr = NULL;
+
+    size_t ttinfos_allocated = 0;
+
+    data_tuple = PyObject_CallMethod(state->_common_mod, "load_data", "O",
+                                     file_obj);
+
+    if (data_tuple == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(data_tuple)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Invalid data result type: %r",
+                     data_tuple);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Unpack the data tuple
+    PyObject *trans_idx_list = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 0);
+    if (trans_idx_list == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *trans_utc = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 1);
+    if (trans_utc == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *utcoff_list = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 2);
+    if (utcoff_list == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *isdst_list = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 3);
+    if (isdst_list == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *abbr = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 4);
+    if (abbr == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    PyObject *tz_str = PyTuple_GetItem(data_tuple, 5);
+    if (tz_str == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Load the relevant sizes
+    Py_ssize_t num_transitions = PyTuple_Size(trans_utc);
+    if (num_transitions < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    Py_ssize_t num_ttinfos = PyTuple_Size(utcoff_list);
+    if (num_ttinfos < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    self->num_transitions = (size_t)num_transitions;
+    self->num_ttinfos = (size_t)num_ttinfos;
+
+    // Load the transition indices and list
+    self->trans_list_utc =
+        PyMem_Malloc(self->num_transitions * sizeof(int64_t));
+    if (self->trans_list_utc == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    trans_idx = PyMem_Malloc(self->num_transitions * sizeof(Py_ssize_t));
+    if (trans_idx == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_transitions; ++i) {
+        PyObject *num = PyTuple_GetItem(trans_utc, i);
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        self->trans_list_utc[i] = PyLong_AsLongLong(num);
+        if (self->trans_list_utc[i] == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        num = PyTuple_GetItem(trans_idx_list, i);
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        Py_ssize_t cur_trans_idx = PyLong_AsSsize_t(num);
+        if (cur_trans_idx == -1) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        trans_idx[i] = (size_t)cur_trans_idx;
+        if (trans_idx[i] > self->num_ttinfos) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "Invalid transition index found while reading TZif: %zd",
+                cur_trans_idx);
+
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Load UTC offsets and isdst (size num_ttinfos)
+    utcoff = PyMem_Malloc(self->num_ttinfos * sizeof(long));
+    isdst = PyMem_Malloc(self->num_ttinfos * sizeof(unsigned char));
+
+    if (utcoff == NULL || isdst == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_ttinfos; ++i) {
+        PyObject *num = PyTuple_GetItem(utcoff_list, i);
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        utcoff[i] = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+        if (utcoff[i] == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        num = PyTuple_GetItem(isdst_list, i);
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        int isdst_with_error = PyObject_IsTrue(num);
+        if (isdst_with_error == -1) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        else {
+            isdst[i] = (unsigned char)isdst_with_error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    dstoff = PyMem_Calloc(self->num_ttinfos, sizeof(long));
+    if (dstoff == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Derive dstoff and trans_list_wall from the information we've loaded
+    utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoff, dstoff, isdst, self->num_transitions,
+                     self->num_ttinfos);
+
+    if (ts_to_local(trans_idx, self->trans_list_utc, utcoff,
+                    self->trans_list_wall, self->num_ttinfos,
+                    self->num_transitions)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Build _ttinfo objects from utcoff, dstoff and abbr
+    self->_ttinfos = PyMem_Malloc(self->num_ttinfos * sizeof(_ttinfo));
+    if (self->_ttinfos == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_ttinfos; ++i) {
+        PyObject *tzname = PyTuple_GetItem(abbr, i);
+        if (tzname == NULL) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        ttinfos_allocated++;
+        int rc = build_ttinfo(state, utcoff[i], dstoff[i], tzname,
+                              &(self->_ttinfos[i]));
+        if (rc) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Build our mapping from transition to the ttinfo that applies
+    self->trans_ttinfos =
+        PyMem_Calloc(self->num_transitions, sizeof(_ttinfo *));
+    if (self->trans_ttinfos == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_transitions; ++i) {
+        size_t ttinfo_idx = trans_idx[i];
+        assert(ttinfo_idx < self->num_ttinfos);
+        self->trans_ttinfos[i] = &(self->_ttinfos[ttinfo_idx]);
+    }
+
+    // Set ttinfo_before to the first non-DST transition
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < self->num_ttinfos; ++i) {
+        if (!isdst[i]) {
+            self->ttinfo_before = &(self->_ttinfos[i]);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // If there are only DST ttinfos, pick the first one, if there are no
+    // ttinfos at all, set ttinfo_before to NULL
+    if (self->ttinfo_before == NULL && self->num_ttinfos > 0) {
+        self->ttinfo_before = &(self->_ttinfos[0]);
+    }
+
+    if (tz_str != Py_None && PyObject_IsTrue(tz_str)) {
+        if (parse_tz_str(state, tz_str, &(self->tzrule_after))) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (!self->num_ttinfos) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "No time zone information found.");
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        size_t idx;
+        if (!self->num_transitions) {
+            idx = self->num_ttinfos - 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            idx = trans_idx[self->num_transitions - 1];
+        }
+
+        _ttinfo *tti = &(self->_ttinfos[idx]);
+        build_tzrule(state, tti->tzname, NULL, tti->utcoff_seconds, 0, NULL,
+                     NULL, &(self->tzrule_after));
+
+        // We've abused the build_tzrule constructor to construct an STD-only
+        // rule mimicking whatever ttinfo we've picked up, but it's possible
+        // that the one we've picked up is a DST zone, so we need to make sure
+        // that the dstoff is set correctly in that case.
+        if (PyObject_IsTrue(tti->dstoff)) {
+            _ttinfo *tti_after = &(self->tzrule_after.std);
+            Py_SETREF(tti_after->dstoff, Py_NewRef(tti->dstoff));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Determine if this is a "fixed offset" zone, meaning that the output of
+    // the utcoffset, dst and tzname functions does not depend on the specific
+    // datetime passed.
+    //
+    // We make three simplifying assumptions here:
+    //
+    // 1. If tzrule_after is not std_only, it has transitions that might occur
+    //    (it is possible to construct TZ strings that specify STD and DST but
+    //    no transitions ever occur, such as AAA0BBB,0/0,J365/25).
+    // 2. If self->_ttinfos contains more than one _ttinfo object, the objects
+    //    represent different offsets.
+    // 3. self->ttinfos contains no unused _ttinfos (in which case an otherwise
+    //    fixed-offset zone with extra _ttinfos defined may appear to *not* be
+    //    a fixed offset zone).
+    //
+    // Violations to these assumptions would be fairly exotic, and exotic
+    // zones should almost certainly not be used with datetime.time (the
+    // only thing that would be affected by this).
+    if (self->num_ttinfos > 1 || !self->tzrule_after.std_only) {
+        self->fixed_offset = 0;
+    }
+    else if (self->num_ttinfos == 0) {
+        self->fixed_offset = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        int constant_offset =
+            ttinfo_eq(&(self->_ttinfos[0]), &self->tzrule_after.std);
+        if (constant_offset < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+        else {
+            self->fixed_offset = constant_offset;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int rv = 0;
+    goto cleanup;
+error:
+    // These resources only need to be freed if we have failed, if we succeed
+    // in initializing a PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo object, we can rely on its dealloc
+    // method to free the relevant resources.
+    if (self->trans_list_utc != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(self->trans_list_utc);
+        self->trans_list_utc = NULL;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        if (self->trans_list_wall[i] != NULL) {
+            PyMem_Free(self->trans_list_wall[i]);
+            self->trans_list_wall[i] = NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (self->_ttinfos != NULL) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < ttinfos_allocated; ++i) {
+            xdecref_ttinfo(&(self->_ttinfos[i]));
+        }
+        PyMem_Free(self->_ttinfos);
+        self->_ttinfos = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (self->trans_ttinfos != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(self->trans_ttinfos);
+        self->trans_ttinfos = NULL;
+    }
+
+    rv = -1;
+cleanup:
+    Py_XDECREF(data_tuple);
+
+    if (utcoff != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(utcoff);
+    }
+
+    if (dstoff != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(dstoff);
+    }
+
+    if (isdst != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(isdst);
+    }
+
+    if (trans_idx != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(trans_idx);
+    }
+
+    return rv;
+}
+
+/* Function to calculate the local timestamp of a transition from the year. */
+int64_t
+calendarrule_year_to_timestamp(TransitionRuleType *base_self, int year)
+{
+    CalendarRule *self = (CalendarRule *)base_self;
+
+    // We want (year, month, day of month); we have year and month, but we
+    // need to turn (week, day-of-week) into day-of-month
+    //
+    // Week 1 is the first week in which day `day` (where 0 = Sunday) appears.
+    // Week 5 represents the last occurrence of day `day`, so we need to know
+    // the first weekday of the month and the number of days in the month.
+    int8_t first_day = (ymd_to_ord(year, self->month, 1) + 6) % 7;
+    uint8_t days_in_month = DAYS_IN_MONTH[self->month];
+    if (self->month == 2 && is_leap_year(year)) {
+        days_in_month += 1;
+    }
+
+    // This equation seems magical, so I'll break it down:
+    // 1. calendar says 0 = Monday, POSIX says 0 = Sunday so we need first_day
+    //    + 1 to get 1 = Monday -> 7 = Sunday, which is still equivalent
+    //    because this math is mod 7
+    // 2. Get first day - desired day mod 7 (adjusting by 7 for negative
+    //    numbers so that -1 % 7 = 6).
+    // 3. Add 1 because month days are a 1-based index.
+    int8_t month_day = ((int8_t)(self->day) - (first_day + 1)) % 7;
+    if (month_day < 0) {
+        month_day += 7;
+    }
+    month_day += 1;
+
+    // Now use a 0-based index version of `week` to calculate the w-th
+    // occurrence of `day`
+    month_day += ((int8_t)(self->week) - 1) * 7;
+
+    // month_day will only be > days_in_month if w was 5, and `w` means "last
+    // occurrence of `d`", so now we just check if we over-shot the end of the
+    // month and if so knock off 1 week.
+    if (month_day > days_in_month) {
+        month_day -= 7;
+    }
+
+    int64_t ordinal = ymd_to_ord(year, self->month, month_day) - EPOCHORDINAL;
+    return ordinal * 86400 + (int64_t)self->hour * 3600 +
+            (int64_t)self->minute * 60 + self->second;
+}
+
+/* Constructor for CalendarRule. */
+int
+calendarrule_new(int month, int week, int day, int hour,
+                 int minute, int second, CalendarRule *out)
+{
+    // These bounds come from the POSIX standard, which describes an Mm.n.d
+    // rule as:
+    //
+    //   The d'th day (0 <= d <= 6) of week n of month m of the year (1 <= n <=
+    //   5, 1 <= m <= 12, where week 5 means "the last d day in month m" which
+    //   may occur in either the fourth or the fifth week). Week 1 is the first
+    //   week in which the d'th day occurs. Day zero is Sunday.
+    if (month < 1 || month > 12) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Month must be in [1, 12]");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (week < 1 || week > 5) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Week must be in [1, 5]");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (day < 0 || day > 6) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Day must be in [0, 6]");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (hour < -167 || hour > 167) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Hour must be in [0, 167]");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    TransitionRuleType base = {&calendarrule_year_to_timestamp};
+
+    CalendarRule new_offset = {
+        .base = base,
+        .month = (uint8_t)month,
+        .week = (uint8_t)week,
+        .day = (uint8_t)day,
+        .hour = (int16_t)hour,
+        .minute = (int8_t)minute,
+        .second = (int8_t)second,
+    };
+
+    *out = new_offset;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Function to calculate the local timestamp of a transition from the year.
+ *
+ * This translates the day of the year into a local timestamp — either a
+ * 1-based Julian day, not including leap days, or the 0-based year-day,
+ * including leap days.
+ * */
+int64_t
+dayrule_year_to_timestamp(TransitionRuleType *base_self, int year)
+{
+    // The function signature requires a TransitionRuleType pointer, but this
+    // function is only applicable to DayRule* objects.
+    DayRule *self = (DayRule *)base_self;
+
+    // ymd_to_ord calculates the number of days since 0001-01-01, but we want
+    // to know the number of days since 1970-01-01, so we must subtract off
+    // the equivalent of ymd_to_ord(1970, 1, 1).
+    //
+    // We subtract off an additional 1 day to account for January 1st (we want
+    // the number of full days *before* the date of the transition - partial
+    // days are accounted for in the hour, minute and second portions.
+    int64_t days_before_year = ymd_to_ord(year, 1, 1) - EPOCHORDINAL - 1;
+
+    // The Julian day specification skips over February 29th in leap years,
+    // from the POSIX standard:
+    //
+    //   Leap days shall not be counted. That is, in all years-including leap
+    //   years-February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60. It is impossible to
+    //   refer explicitly to the occasional February 29.
+    //
+    // This is actually more useful than you'd think — if you want a rule that
+    // always transitions on a given calendar day (other than February 29th),
+    // you would use a Julian day, e.g. J91 always refers to April 1st and J365
+    // always refers to December 31st.
+    uint16_t day = self->day;
+    if (self->julian && day >= 59 && is_leap_year(year)) {
+        day += 1;
+    }
+
+    return (days_before_year + day) * 86400 + (int64_t)self->hour * 3600 +
+           (int64_t)self->minute * 60 + self->second;
+}
+
+/* Constructor for DayRule. */
+static int
+dayrule_new(int julian, int day, int hour, int minute,
+            int second, DayRule *out)
+{
+    // The POSIX standard specifies that Julian days must be in the range (1 <=
+    // n <= 365) and that non-Julian (they call it "0-based Julian") days must
+    // be in the range (0 <= n <= 365).
+    if (day < julian || day > 365) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "day must be in [%d, 365], not: %d",
+                     julian, day);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (hour < -167 || hour > 167) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Hour must be in [0, 167]");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    TransitionRuleType base = {
+        &dayrule_year_to_timestamp,
+    };
+
+    DayRule tmp = {
+        .base = base,
+        .julian = (uint8_t)julian,
+        .day = (int16_t)day,
+        .hour = (int16_t)hour,
+        .minute = (int8_t)minute,
+        .second = (int8_t)second,
+    };
+
+    *out = tmp;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Calculate the start and end rules for a _tzrule in the given year. */
+static void
+tzrule_transitions(_tzrule *rule, int year, int64_t *start, int64_t *end)
+{
+    assert(rule->start != NULL);
+    assert(rule->end != NULL);
+    *start = rule->start->year_to_timestamp(rule->start, year);
+    *end = rule->end->year_to_timestamp(rule->end, year);
+}
+
+/* Calculate the _ttinfo that applies at a given local time from a _tzrule.
+ *
+ * This takes a local timestamp and fold for disambiguation purposes; the year
+ * could technically be calculated from the timestamp, but given that the
+ * callers of this function already have the year information accessible from
+ * the datetime struct, it is taken as an additional parameter to reduce
+ * unnecessary calculation.
+ * */
+static _ttinfo *
+find_tzrule_ttinfo(_tzrule *rule, int64_t ts, unsigned char fold, int year)
+{
+    if (rule->std_only) {
+        return &(rule->std);
+    }
+
+    int64_t start, end;
+    uint8_t isdst;
+
+    tzrule_transitions(rule, year, &start, &end);
+
+    // With fold = 0, the period (denominated in local time) with the smaller
+    // offset starts at the end of the gap and ends at the end of the fold;
+    // with fold = 1, it runs from the start of the gap to the beginning of the
+    // fold.
+    //
+    // So in order to determine the DST boundaries we need to know both the
+    // fold and whether DST is positive or negative (rare), and it turns out
+    // that this boils down to fold XOR is_positive.
+    if (fold == (rule->dst_diff >= 0)) {
+        end -= rule->dst_diff;
+    }
+    else {
+        start += rule->dst_diff;
+    }
+
+    if (start < end) {
+        isdst = (ts >= start) && (ts < end);
+    }
+    else {
+        isdst = (ts < end) || (ts >= start);
+    }
+
+    if (isdst) {
+        return &(rule->dst);
+    }
+    else {
+        return &(rule->std);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Calculate the ttinfo and fold that applies for a _tzrule at an epoch time.
+ *
+ * This function can determine the _ttinfo that applies at a given epoch time,
+ * (analogous to trans_list_utc), and whether or not the datetime is in a fold.
+ * This is to be used in the .fromutc() function.
+ *
+ * The year is technically a redundant parameter, because it can be calculated
+ * from the timestamp, but all callers of this function should have the year
+ * in the datetime struct anyway, so taking it as a parameter saves unnecessary
+ * calculation.
+ **/
+static _ttinfo *
+find_tzrule_ttinfo_fromutc(_tzrule *rule, int64_t ts, int year,
+                           unsigned char *fold)
+{
+    if (rule->std_only) {
+        *fold = 0;
+        return &(rule->std);
+    }
+
+    int64_t start, end;
+    uint8_t isdst;
+    tzrule_transitions(rule, year, &start, &end);
+    start -= rule->std.utcoff_seconds;
+    end -= rule->dst.utcoff_seconds;
+
+    if (start < end) {
+        isdst = (ts >= start) && (ts < end);
+    }
+    else {
+        isdst = (ts < end) || (ts >= start);
+    }
+
+    // For positive DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff after the end of
+    // DST; for negative DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff before the
+    // start of DST.
+    int64_t ambig_start, ambig_end;
+    if (rule->dst_diff > 0) {
+        ambig_start = end;
+        ambig_end = end + rule->dst_diff;
+    }
+    else {
+        ambig_start = start;
+        ambig_end = start - rule->dst_diff;
+    }
+
+    *fold = (ts >= ambig_start) && (ts < ambig_end);
+
+    if (isdst) {
+        return &(rule->dst);
+    }
+    else {
+        return &(rule->std);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Parse a TZ string in the format specified by the POSIX standard:
+ *
+ *  std offset[dst[offset],start[/time],end[/time]]
+ *
+ *  std and dst must be 3 or more characters long and must not contain a
+ *  leading colon, embedded digits, commas, nor a plus or minus signs; The
+ *  spaces between "std" and "offset" are only for display and are not actually
+ *  present in the string.
+ *
+ *  The format of the offset is ``[+|-]hh[:mm[:ss]]``
+ *
+ * See the POSIX.1 spec: IEE Std 1003.1-2018 §8.3:
+ *
+ * https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html
+ */
+static int
+parse_tz_str(zoneinfo_state *state, PyObject *tz_str_obj, _tzrule *out)
+{
+    PyObject *std_abbr = NULL;
+    PyObject *dst_abbr = NULL;
+    TransitionRuleType *start = NULL;
+    TransitionRuleType *end = NULL;
+    // Initialize offsets to invalid value (> 24 hours)
+    long std_offset = 1 << 20;
+    long dst_offset = 1 << 20;
+
+    const char *tz_str = PyBytes_AsString(tz_str_obj);
+    if (tz_str == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    const char *p = tz_str;
+
+    // Read the `std` abbreviation, which must be at least 3 characters long.
+    if (parse_abbr(&p, &std_abbr)) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid STD format in %R", tz_str_obj);
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // Now read the STD offset, which is required
+    if (parse_tz_delta(&p, &std_offset)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid STD offset in %R", tz_str_obj);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    // If the string ends here, there is no DST, otherwise we must parse the
+    // DST abbreviation and start and end dates and times.
+    if (*p == '\0') {
+        goto complete;
+    }
+
+    if (parse_abbr(&p, &dst_abbr)) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid DST format in %R", tz_str_obj);
+        }
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (*p == ',') {
+        // From the POSIX standard:
+        //
+        // If no offset follows dst, the alternative time is assumed to be one
+        // hour ahead of standard time.
+        dst_offset = std_offset + 3600;
+    }
+    else {
+        if (parse_tz_delta(&p, &dst_offset)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid DST offset in %R",
+                         tz_str_obj);
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    TransitionRuleType **transitions[2] = {&start, &end};
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        if (*p != ',') {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                         "Missing transition rules in TZ string: %R",
+                         tz_str_obj);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        p++;
+
+        if (parse_transition_rule(&p, transitions[i])) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                         "Malformed transition rule in TZ string: %R",
+                         tz_str_obj);
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (*p != '\0') {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                     "Extraneous characters at end of TZ string: %R",
+                     tz_str_obj);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+complete:
+    build_tzrule(state, std_abbr, dst_abbr, std_offset, dst_offset,
+                 start, end, out);
+    Py_DECREF(std_abbr);
+    Py_XDECREF(dst_abbr);
+
+    return 0;
+error:
+    Py_XDECREF(std_abbr);
+    if (dst_abbr != NULL && dst_abbr != Py_None) {
+        Py_DECREF(dst_abbr);
+    }
+
+    if (start != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(start);
+    }
+
+    if (end != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(end);
+    }
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_digits(const char **p, int min, int max, int *value)
+{
+    assert(max <= 3);
+    *value = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++, (*p)++) {
+        if (!Py_ISDIGIT(**p)) {
+            return (i < min) ? -1 : 0;
+        }
+        *value *= 10;
+        *value += (**p) - '0';
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse the STD and DST abbreviations from a TZ string. */
+static int
+parse_abbr(const char **p, PyObject **abbr)
+{
+    const char *ptr = *p;
+    const char *str_start;
+    const char *str_end;
+
+    if (*ptr == '<') {
+        char buff;
+        ptr++;
+        str_start = ptr;
+        while ((buff = *ptr) != '>') {
+            // From the POSIX standard:
+            //
+            //   In the quoted form, the first character shall be the less-than
+            //   ( '<' ) character and the last character shall be the
+            //   greater-than ( '>' ) character. All characters between these
+            //   quoting characters shall be alphanumeric characters from the
+            //   portable character set in the current locale, the plus-sign (
+            //   '+' ) character, or the minus-sign ( '-' ) character. The std
+            //   and dst fields in this case shall not include the quoting
+            //   characters.
+            if (!isalpha(buff) && !isdigit(buff) && buff != '+' &&
+                buff != '-') {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            ptr++;
+        }
+        str_end = ptr;
+        ptr++;
+    }
+    else {
+        str_start = ptr;
+        // From the POSIX standard:
+        //
+        //   In the unquoted form, all characters in these fields shall be
+        //   alphabetic characters from the portable character set in the
+        //   current locale.
+        while (isalpha(*ptr)) {
+            ptr++;
+        }
+        str_end = ptr;
+        if (str_end == str_start) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *abbr = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(str_start, str_end - str_start);
+    if (*abbr == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *p = ptr;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse a UTC offset from a TZ str. */
+static int
+parse_tz_delta(const char **p, long *total_seconds)
+{
+    // From the POSIX spec:
+    //
+    //   Indicates the value added to the local time to arrive at Coordinated
+    //   Universal Time. The offset has the form:
+    //
+    //   hh[:mm[:ss]]
+    //
+    //   One or more digits may be used; the value is always interpreted as a
+    //   decimal number.
+    //
+    // The POSIX spec says that the values for `hour` must be between 0 and 24
+    // hours, but RFC 8536 §3.3.1 specifies that the hours part of the
+    // transition times may be signed and range from -167 to 167.
+    int hours = 0;
+    int minutes = 0;
+    int seconds = 0;
+
+    if (parse_transition_time(p, &hours, &minutes, &seconds)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (hours > 24 || hours < -24) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Negative numbers correspond to *positive* offsets, from the spec:
+    //
+    //   If preceded by a '-', the timezone shall be east of the Prime
+    //   Meridian; otherwise, it shall be west (which may be indicated by
+    //   an optional preceding '+' ).
+    *total_seconds = -((hours * 3600L) + (minutes * 60) + seconds);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse the date portion of a transition rule. */
+static int
+parse_transition_rule(const char **p, TransitionRuleType **out)
+{
+    // The full transition rule indicates when to change back and forth between
+    // STD and DST, and has the form:
+    //
+    //   date[/time],date[/time]
+    //
+    // This function parses an individual date[/time] section, and returns
+    // the number of characters that contributed to the transition rule. This
+    // does not include the ',' at the end of the first rule.
+    //
+    // The POSIX spec states that if *time* is not given, the default is 02:00.
+    const char *ptr = *p;
+    int hour = 2;
+    int minute = 0;
+    int second = 0;
+
+    // Rules come in one of three flavors:
+    //
+    //   1. Jn: Julian day n, with no leap days.
+    //   2. n: Day of year (0-based, with leap days)
+    //   3. Mm.n.d: Specifying by month, week and day-of-week.
+
+    if (*ptr == 'M') {
+        int month, week, day;
+        ptr++;
+
+        if (parse_digits(&ptr, 1, 2, &month)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (*ptr++ != '.') {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (parse_digits(&ptr, 1, 1, &week)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (*ptr++ != '.') {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if (parse_digits(&ptr, 1, 1, &day)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (*ptr == '/') {
+            ptr++;
+            if (parse_transition_time(&ptr, &hour, &minute, &second)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        CalendarRule *rv = PyMem_Calloc(1, sizeof(CalendarRule));
+        if (rv == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (calendarrule_new(month, week, day, hour, minute, second, rv)) {
+            PyMem_Free(rv);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        *out = (TransitionRuleType *)rv;
+    }
+    else {
+        int julian = 0;
+        int day = 0;
+        if (*ptr == 'J') {
+            julian = 1;
+            ptr++;
+        }
+
+        if (parse_digits(&ptr, 1, 3, &day)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (*ptr == '/') {
+            ptr++;
+            if (parse_transition_time(&ptr, &hour, &minute, &second)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        DayRule *rv = PyMem_Calloc(1, sizeof(DayRule));
+        if (rv == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (dayrule_new(julian, day, hour, minute, second, rv)) {
+            PyMem_Free(rv);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        *out = (TransitionRuleType *)rv;
+    }
+
+    *p = ptr;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Parse the time portion of a transition rule (e.g. following an /) */
+static int
+parse_transition_time(const char **p, int *hour, int *minute, int *second)
+{
+    // From the spec:
+    //
+    //   The time has the same format as offset except that no leading sign
+    //   ( '-' or '+' ) is allowed.
+    //
+    // The format for the offset is:
+    //
+    //   h[h][:mm[:ss]]
+    //
+    // RFC 8536 also allows transition times to be signed and to range from
+    // -167 to +167.
+    const char *ptr = *p;
+    int sign = 1;
+
+    if (*ptr == '-' || *ptr == '+') {
+        if (*ptr == '-') {
+            sign = -1;
+        }
+        ptr++;
+    }
+
+    // The hour can be 1 to 3 numeric characters
+    if (parse_digits(&ptr, 1, 3, hour)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *hour *= sign;
+
+    // Minutes and seconds always of the format ":dd"
+    if (*ptr == ':') {
+        ptr++;
+        if (parse_digits(&ptr, 2, 2, minute)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        *minute *= sign;
+
+        if (*ptr == ':') {
+            ptr++;
+            if (parse_digits(&ptr, 2, 2, second)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            *second *= sign;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *p = ptr;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Constructor for a _tzrule.
+ *
+ * If `dst_abbr` is NULL, this will construct an "STD-only" _tzrule, in which
+ * case `dst_offset` will be ignored and `start` and `end` are expected to be
+ * NULL as well.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success.
+ */
+static int
+build_tzrule(zoneinfo_state *state, PyObject *std_abbr, PyObject *dst_abbr,
+             long std_offset, long dst_offset, TransitionRuleType *start,
+             TransitionRuleType *end, _tzrule *out)
+{
+    _tzrule rv = {{0}};
+
+    rv.start = start;
+    rv.end = end;
+
+    if (build_ttinfo(state, std_offset, 0, std_abbr, &rv.std)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (dst_abbr != NULL) {
+        rv.dst_diff = dst_offset - std_offset;
+        if (build_ttinfo(state, dst_offset, rv.dst_diff, dst_abbr, &rv.dst)) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        rv.std_only = 1;
+    }
+
+    *out = rv;
+
+    return 0;
+error:
+    xdecref_ttinfo(&rv.std);
+    xdecref_ttinfo(&rv.dst);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Destructor for _tzrule. */
+static void
+free_tzrule(_tzrule *tzrule)
+{
+    xdecref_ttinfo(&(tzrule->std));
+    if (!tzrule->std_only) {
+        xdecref_ttinfo(&(tzrule->dst));
+    }
+
+    if (tzrule->start != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(tzrule->start);
+    }
+
+    if (tzrule->end != NULL) {
+        PyMem_Free(tzrule->end);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Calculate DST offsets from transitions and UTC offsets
+ *
+ * This is necessary because each C `ttinfo` only contains the UTC offset,
+ * time zone abbreviation and an isdst boolean - it does not include the
+ * amount of the DST offset, but we need the amount for the dst() function.
+ *
+ * Thus function uses heuristics to infer what the offset should be, so it
+ * is not guaranteed that this will work for all zones. If we cannot assign
+ * a value for a given DST offset, we'll assume it's 1H rather than 0H, so
+ * bool(dt.dst()) will always match ttinfo.isdst.
+ */
+static void
+utcoff_to_dstoff(size_t *trans_idx, long *utcoffs, long *dstoffs,
+                 unsigned char *isdsts, size_t num_transitions,
+                 size_t num_ttinfos)
+{
+    size_t dst_count = 0;
+    size_t dst_found = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_ttinfos; ++i) {
+        dst_count++;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_transitions; ++i) {
+        if (dst_count == dst_found) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        size_t idx = trans_idx[i];
+        size_t comp_idx = trans_idx[i - 1];
+
+        // Only look at DST offsets that have nto been assigned already
+        if (!isdsts[idx] || dstoffs[idx] != 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        long dstoff = 0;
+        long utcoff = utcoffs[idx];
+
+        if (!isdsts[comp_idx]) {
+            dstoff = utcoff - utcoffs[comp_idx];
+        }
+
+        if (!dstoff && idx < (num_ttinfos - 1)) {
+            comp_idx = trans_idx[i + 1];
+
+            // If the following transition is also DST and we couldn't find
+            // the DST offset by this point, we're going to have to skip it
+            // and hope this transition gets assigned later
+            if (isdsts[comp_idx]) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            dstoff = utcoff - utcoffs[comp_idx];
+        }
+
+        if (dstoff) {
+            dst_found++;
+            dstoffs[idx] = dstoff;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (dst_found < dst_count) {
+        // If there are time zones we didn't find a value for, we'll end up
+        // with dstoff = 0 for something where isdst=1. This is obviously
+        // wrong — one hour will be a much better guess than 0.
+        for (size_t idx = 0; idx < num_ttinfos; ++idx) {
+            if (isdsts[idx] && !dstoffs[idx]) {
+                dstoffs[idx] = 3600;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#define _swap(x, y, buffer) \
+    buffer = x;             \
+    x = y;                  \
+    y = buffer;
+
+/* Calculate transitions in local time from UTC time and offsets.
+ *
+ * We want to know when each transition occurs, denominated in the number of
+ * nominal wall-time seconds between 1970-01-01T00:00:00 and the transition in
+ * *local time* (note: this is *not* equivalent to the output of
+ * datetime.timestamp, which is the total number of seconds actual elapsed
+ * since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z in UTC).
+ *
+ * This is an ambiguous question because "local time" can be ambiguous — but it
+ * is disambiguated by the `fold` parameter, so we allocate two arrays:
+ *
+ *  trans_local[0]: The wall-time transitions for fold=0
+ *  trans_local[1]: The wall-time transitions for fold=1
+ *
+ * This returns 0 on success and a negative number of failure. The trans_local
+ * arrays must be freed if they are not NULL.
+ */
+static int
+ts_to_local(size_t *trans_idx, int64_t *trans_utc, long *utcoff,
+            int64_t *trans_local[2], size_t num_ttinfos,
+            size_t num_transitions)
+{
+    if (num_transitions == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Copy the UTC transitions into each array to be modified in place later
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        trans_local[i] = PyMem_Malloc(num_transitions * sizeof(int64_t));
+        if (trans_local[i] == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        memcpy(trans_local[i], trans_utc, num_transitions * sizeof(int64_t));
+    }
+
+    int64_t offset_0, offset_1, buff;
+    if (num_ttinfos > 1) {
+        offset_0 = utcoff[0];
+        offset_1 = utcoff[trans_idx[0]];
+
+        if (offset_1 > offset_0) {
+            _swap(offset_0, offset_1, buff);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        offset_0 = utcoff[0];
+        offset_1 = utcoff[0];
+    }
+
+    trans_local[0][0] += offset_0;
+    trans_local[1][0] += offset_1;
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < num_transitions; ++i) {
+        offset_0 = utcoff[trans_idx[i - 1]];
+        offset_1 = utcoff[trans_idx[i]];
+
+        if (offset_1 > offset_0) {
+            _swap(offset_1, offset_0, buff);
+        }
+
+        trans_local[0][i] += offset_0;
+        trans_local[1][i] += offset_1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Simple bisect_right binary search implementation */
+static size_t
+_bisect(const int64_t value, const int64_t *arr, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t lo = 0;
+    size_t hi = size;
+    size_t m;
+
+    while (lo < hi) {
+        m = (lo + hi) / 2;
+        if (arr[m] > value) {
+            hi = m;
+        }
+        else {
+            lo = m + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return hi;
+}
+
+/* Find the ttinfo rules that apply at a given local datetime. */
+static _ttinfo *
+find_ttinfo(zoneinfo_state *state, PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo *self, PyObject *dt)
+{
+    // datetime.time has a .tzinfo attribute that passes None as the dt
+    // argument; it only really has meaning for fixed-offset zones.
+    if (dt == Py_None) {
+        if (self->fixed_offset) {
+            return &(self->tzrule_after.std);
+        }
+        else {
+            return &(state->NO_TTINFO);
+        }
+    }
+
+    int64_t ts;
+    if (get_local_timestamp(dt, &ts)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    unsigned char fold = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_FOLD(dt);
+    assert(fold < 2);
+    int64_t *local_transitions = self->trans_list_wall[fold];
+    size_t num_trans = self->num_transitions;
+
+    if (num_trans && ts < local_transitions[0]) {
+        return self->ttinfo_before;
+    }
+    else if (!num_trans || ts > local_transitions[self->num_transitions - 1]) {
+        return find_tzrule_ttinfo(&(self->tzrule_after), ts, fold,
+                                  PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(dt));
+    }
+    else {
+        size_t idx = _bisect(ts, local_transitions, self->num_transitions) - 1;
+        assert(idx < self->num_transitions);
+        return self->trans_ttinfos[idx];
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+is_leap_year(int year)
+{
+    const unsigned int ayear = (unsigned int)year;
+    return ayear % 4 == 0 && (ayear % 100 != 0 || ayear % 400 == 0);
+}
+
+/* Calculates ordinal datetime from year, month and day. */
+static int
+ymd_to_ord(int y, int m, int d)
+{
+    y -= 1;
+    int days_before_year = (y * 365) + (y / 4) - (y / 100) + (y / 400);
+    int yearday = DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[m];
+    if (m > 2 && is_leap_year(y + 1)) {
+        yearday += 1;
+    }
+
+    return days_before_year + yearday + d;
+}
+
+/* Calculate the number of seconds since 1970-01-01 in local time.
+ *
+ * This gets a datetime in the same "units" as self->trans_list_wall so that we
+ * can easily determine which transitions a datetime falls between. See the
+ * comment above ts_to_local for more information.
+ * */
+static int
+get_local_timestamp(PyObject *dt, int64_t *local_ts)
+{
+    assert(local_ts != NULL);
+
+    int hour, minute, second;
+    int ord;
+    if (PyDateTime_CheckExact(dt)) {
+        int y = PyDateTime_GET_YEAR(dt);
+        int m = PyDateTime_GET_MONTH(dt);
+        int d = PyDateTime_GET_DAY(dt);
+        hour = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_HOUR(dt);
+        minute = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_MINUTE(dt);
+        second = PyDateTime_DATE_GET_SECOND(dt);
+
+        ord = ymd_to_ord(y, m, d);
+    }
+    else {
+        PyObject *num = PyObject_CallMethod(dt, "toordinal", NULL);
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        ord = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+        Py_DECREF(num);
+        if (ord == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        num = PyObject_GetAttrString(dt, "hour");
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        hour = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+        Py_DECREF(num);
+        if (hour == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        num = PyObject_GetAttrString(dt, "minute");
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        minute = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+        Py_DECREF(num);
+        if (minute == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        num = PyObject_GetAttrString(dt, "second");
+        if (num == NULL) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        second = PyLong_AsLong(num);
+        Py_DECREF(num);
+        if (second == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *local_ts = (int64_t)(ord - EPOCHORDINAL) * 86400L +
+                (int64_t)(hour * 3600L + minute * 60 + second);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/////
+// Functions for cache handling
+
+/* Constructor for StrongCacheNode */
+static StrongCacheNode *
+strong_cache_node_new(PyObject *key, PyObject *zone)
+{
+    StrongCacheNode *node = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(StrongCacheNode));
+    if (node == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    node->next = NULL;
+    node->prev = NULL;
+    node->key = Py_NewRef(key);
+    node->zone = Py_NewRef(zone);
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+/* Destructor for StrongCacheNode */
+void
+strong_cache_node_free(StrongCacheNode *node)
+{
+    Py_XDECREF(node->key);
+    Py_XDECREF(node->zone);
+
+    PyMem_Free(node);
+}
+
+/* Frees all nodes at or after a specified root in the strong cache.
+ *
+ * This can be used on the root node to free the entire cache or it can be used
+ * to clear all nodes that have been expired (which, if everything is going
+ * right, will actually only be 1 node at a time).
+ */
+void
+strong_cache_free(StrongCacheNode *root)
+{
+    StrongCacheNode *node = root;
+    StrongCacheNode *next_node;
+    while (node != NULL) {
+        next_node = node->next;
+        strong_cache_node_free(node);
+
+        node = next_node;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Removes a node from the cache and update its neighbors.
+ *
+ * This is used both when ejecting a node from the cache and when moving it to
+ * the front of the cache.
+ */
+static void
+remove_from_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, StrongCacheNode *node)
+{
+    if (state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE == node) {
+        state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE = node->next;
+    }
+
+    if (node->prev != NULL) {
+        node->prev->next = node->next;
+    }
+
+    if (node->next != NULL) {
+        node->next->prev = node->prev;
+    }
+
+    node->next = NULL;
+    node->prev = NULL;
+}
+
+/* Retrieves the node associated with a key, if it exists.
+ *
+ * This traverses the strong cache until it finds a matching key and returns a
+ * pointer to the relevant node if found. Returns NULL if no node is found.
+ *
+ * root may be NULL, indicating an empty cache.
+ */
+static StrongCacheNode *
+find_in_strong_cache(const StrongCacheNode *const root, PyObject *const key)
+{
+    const StrongCacheNode *node = root;
+    while (node != NULL) {
+        int rv = PyObject_RichCompareBool(key, node->key, Py_EQ);
+        if (rv < 0) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        if (rv) {
+            return (StrongCacheNode *)node;
+        }
+
+        node = node->next;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Ejects a given key from the class's strong cache, if applicable.
+ *
+ * This function is used to enable the per-key functionality in clear_cache.
+ */
+static int
+eject_from_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                        PyObject *key)
+{
+    if (type != state->ZoneInfoType) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    StrongCacheNode *cache = state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE;
+    StrongCacheNode *node = find_in_strong_cache(cache, key);
+    if (node != NULL) {
+        remove_from_strong_cache(state, node);
+
+        strong_cache_node_free(node);
+    }
+    else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Moves a node to the front of the LRU cache.
+ *
+ * The strong cache is an LRU cache, so whenever a given node is accessed, if
+ * it is not at the front of the cache, it needs to be moved there.
+ */
+static void
+move_strong_cache_node_to_front(zoneinfo_state *state, StrongCacheNode **root,
+                                StrongCacheNode *node)
+{
+    StrongCacheNode *root_p = *root;
+    if (root_p == node) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    remove_from_strong_cache(state, node);
+
+    node->prev = NULL;
+    node->next = root_p;
+
+    if (root_p != NULL) {
+        root_p->prev = node;
+    }
+
+    *root = node;
+}
+
+/* Retrieves a ZoneInfo from the strong cache if it's present.
+ *
+ * This function finds the ZoneInfo by key and if found will move the node to
+ * the front of the LRU cache and return a new reference to it. It returns NULL
+ * if the key is not in the cache.
+ *
+ * The strong cache is currently only implemented for the base class, so this
+ * always returns a cache miss for subclasses.
+ */
+static PyObject *
+zone_from_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                       PyObject *const key)
+{
+    if (type != state->ZoneInfoType) {
+        return NULL;  // Strong cache currently only implemented for base class
+    }
+
+    StrongCacheNode *cache = state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE;
+    StrongCacheNode *node = find_in_strong_cache(cache, key);
+
+    if (node != NULL) {
+        StrongCacheNode **root = &(state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE);
+        move_strong_cache_node_to_front(state, root, node);
+        return Py_NewRef(node->zone);
+    }
+
+    return NULL;  // Cache miss
+}
+
+/* Inserts a new key into the strong LRU cache.
+ *
+ * This function is only to be used after a cache miss — it creates a new node
+ * at the front of the cache and ejects any stale entries (keeping the size of
+ * the cache to at most ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE_MAX_SIZE).
+ */
+static void
+update_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type,
+                    PyObject *key, PyObject *zone)
+{
+    if (type != state->ZoneInfoType) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    StrongCacheNode *new_node = strong_cache_node_new(key, zone);
+    StrongCacheNode **root = &(state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE);
+    move_strong_cache_node_to_front(state, root, new_node);
+
+    StrongCacheNode *node = new_node->next;
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE_MAX_SIZE; ++i) {
+        if (node == NULL) {
+            return;
+        }
+        node = node->next;
+    }
+
+    // Everything beyond this point needs to be freed
+    if (node != NULL) {
+        if (node->prev != NULL) {
+            node->prev->next = NULL;
+        }
+        strong_cache_free(node);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Clears all entries into a type's strong cache.
+ *
+ * Because the strong cache is not implemented for subclasses, this is a no-op
+ * for everything except the base class.
+ */
+void
+clear_strong_cache(zoneinfo_state *state, const PyTypeObject *const type)
+{
+    if (type != state->ZoneInfoType) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    strong_cache_free(state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE);
+    state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE = NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+new_weak_cache(void)
+{
+    PyObject *WeakValueDictionary =
+            _PyImport_GetModuleAttrString("weakref", "WeakValueDictionary");
+    if (WeakValueDictionary == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyObject *weak_cache = PyObject_CallNoArgs(WeakValueDictionary);
+    Py_DECREF(WeakValueDictionary);
+    return weak_cache;
+}
+
+// This function is not idempotent and must be called on a new module object.
+static int
+initialize_caches(zoneinfo_state *state)
+{
+    state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE = PyDict_New();
+    if (state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    state->ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE = new_weak_cache();
+    if (state->ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject *
+zoneinfo_init_subclass(PyTypeObject *cls, PyObject *args, PyObject **kwargs)
+{
+    PyObject *weak_cache = new_weak_cache();
+    if (weak_cache == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (PyObject_SetAttrString((PyObject *)cls, "_weak_cache",
+                               weak_cache) < 0) {
+        Py_DECREF(weak_cache);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(weak_cache);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+/////
+// Specify the ZoneInfo type
+static PyMethodDef zoneinfo_methods[] = {
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_CLEAR_CACHE_METHODDEF
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_NO_CACHE_METHODDEF
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_FROM_FILE_METHODDEF
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_UTCOFFSET_METHODDEF
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_DST_METHODDEF
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO_TZNAME_METHODDEF
+    {"fromutc", (PyCFunction)zoneinfo_fromutc, METH_O,
+     PyDoc_STR("Given a datetime with local time in UTC, retrieve an adjusted "
+               "datetime in local time.")},
+    {"__reduce__", (PyCFunction)zoneinfo_reduce, METH_NOARGS,
+     PyDoc_STR("Function for serialization with the pickle protocol.")},
+    ZONEINFO_ZONEINFO__UNPICKLE_METHODDEF
+    {"__init_subclass__", (PyCFunction)(void (*)(void))zoneinfo_init_subclass,
+     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_CLASS,
+     PyDoc_STR("Function to initialize subclasses.")},
+    {NULL} /* Sentinel */
+};
+
+static PyMemberDef zoneinfo_members[] = {
+    {.name = "key",
+     .offset = offsetof(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo, key),
+     .type = T_OBJECT_EX,
+     .flags = READONLY,
+     .doc = NULL},
+    {.name = "__weaklistoffset__",
+     .offset = offsetof(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo, weakreflist),
+     .type = T_PYSSIZET,
+     .flags = READONLY},
+    {NULL}, /* Sentinel */
+};
+
+static PyType_Slot zoneinfo_slots[] = {
+    {Py_tp_repr, zoneinfo_repr},
+    {Py_tp_str, zoneinfo_str},
+    {Py_tp_getattro, PyObject_GenericGetAttr},
+    {Py_tp_methods, zoneinfo_methods},
+    {Py_tp_members, zoneinfo_members},
+    {Py_tp_new, zoneinfo_new},
+    {Py_tp_dealloc, zoneinfo_dealloc},
+    {Py_tp_traverse, zoneinfo_traverse},
+    {Py_tp_clear, zoneinfo_clear},
+    {0, NULL},
+};
+
+static PyType_Spec zoneinfo_spec = {
+    .name = "zoneinfo.ZoneInfo",
+    .basicsize = sizeof(PyZoneInfo_ZoneInfo),
+    .flags = (Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
+              Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE),
+    .slots = zoneinfo_slots,
+};
+
+/////
+// Specify the _zoneinfo module
+static PyMethodDef module_methods[] = {{NULL, NULL}};
+
+static int
+module_traverse(PyObject *mod, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state(mod);
+
+    Py_VISIT(state->ZoneInfoType);
+    Py_VISIT(state->io_open);
+    Py_VISIT(state->_tzpath_find_tzfile);
+    Py_VISIT(state->_common_mod);
+    Py_VISIT(state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE);
+    Py_VISIT(state->ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE);
+
+    StrongCacheNode *node = state->ZONEINFO_STRONG_CACHE;
+    while (node != NULL) {
+        StrongCacheNode *next = node->next;
+        Py_VISIT(node->key);
+        Py_VISIT(node->zone);
+        node = next;
+    }
+
+    Py_VISIT(state->NO_TTINFO.utcoff);
+    Py_VISIT(state->NO_TTINFO.dstoff);
+    Py_VISIT(state->NO_TTINFO.tzname);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+module_clear(PyObject *mod)
+{
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state(mod);
+
+    Py_CLEAR(state->ZoneInfoType);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->io_open);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->_tzpath_find_tzfile);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->_common_mod);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->TIMEDELTA_CACHE);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->ZONEINFO_WEAK_CACHE);
+    clear_strong_cache(state, state->ZoneInfoType);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->NO_TTINFO.utcoff);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->NO_TTINFO.dstoff);
+    Py_CLEAR(state->NO_TTINFO.tzname);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+module_free(void *mod)
+{
+    (void)module_clear((PyObject *)mod);
+}
+
+static int
+zoneinfomodule_exec(PyObject *m)
+{
+    PyDateTime_IMPORT;
+    if (PyDateTimeAPI == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    zoneinfo_state *state = zoneinfo_get_state(m);
+    PyObject *base = (PyObject *)PyDateTimeAPI->TZInfoType;
+    state->ZoneInfoType = (PyTypeObject *)PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(m,
+                                                        &zoneinfo_spec, base);
+    if (state->ZoneInfoType == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    int rc = PyModule_AddObjectRef(m, "ZoneInfo",
+                                   (PyObject *)state->ZoneInfoType);
+    if (rc < 0) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    /* Populate imports */
+    state->_tzpath_find_tzfile =
+        _PyImport_GetModuleAttrString("zoneinfo._tzpath", "find_tzfile");
+    if (state->_tzpath_find_tzfile == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    state->io_open = _PyImport_GetModuleAttrString("io", "open");
+    if (state->io_open == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    state->_common_mod = PyImport_ImportModule("zoneinfo._common");
+    if (state->_common_mod == NULL) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (state->NO_TTINFO.utcoff == NULL) {
+        state->NO_TTINFO.utcoff = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+        state->NO_TTINFO.dstoff = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+        state->NO_TTINFO.tzname = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
+    }
+
+    if (initialize_caches(state)) {
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+error:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static PyModuleDef_Slot zoneinfomodule_slots[] = {
+    {Py_mod_exec, zoneinfomodule_exec},
+    {Py_mod_multiple_interpreters, Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED},
+    {0, NULL},
+};
+
+static struct PyModuleDef zoneinfomodule = {
+    .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    .m_name = "_zoneinfo",
+    .m_doc = "C implementation of the zoneinfo module",
+    .m_size = sizeof(zoneinfo_state),
+    .m_methods = module_methods,
+    .m_slots = zoneinfomodule_slots,
+    .m_traverse = module_traverse,
+    .m_clear = module_clear,
+    .m_free = module_free,
+};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__zoneinfo(void)
+{
+    return PyModuleDef_Init(&zoneinfomodule);
+}