publishFullContrib: true for ydb

<HIDDEN_URL>
commit_hash:c82a80ac4594723cebf2c7387dec9c60217f603e

1 files changed, 4466 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/python/pyOpenSSL/py3/tests/test_crypto.py b/contrib/python/pyOpenSSL/py3/tests/test_crypto.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef3429d17f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/python/pyOpenSSL/py3/tests/test_crypto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4466 @@
+# Copyright (c) Jean-Paul Calderone
+# See LICENSE file for details.
+
+"""
+Unit tests for :py:mod:`OpenSSL.crypto`.
+"""
+
+from warnings import simplefilter
+
+import base64
+from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.backends.openssl.backend import backend
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
+
+import flaky
+
+from OpenSSL.crypto import TYPE_RSA, TYPE_DSA, Error, PKey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509, X509Name
+from OpenSSL.crypto import (
+    X509Store,
+    X509StoreFlags,
+    X509StoreContext,
+    X509StoreContextError,
+)
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509Req
+from OpenSSL.crypto import X509Extension
+from OpenSSL.crypto import load_certificate, load_privatekey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import load_publickey, dump_publickey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import FILETYPE_PEM, FILETYPE_ASN1, FILETYPE_TEXT
+from OpenSSL.crypto import dump_certificate, load_certificate_request
+from OpenSSL.crypto import dump_certificate_request, dump_privatekey
+from OpenSSL.crypto import PKCS7, load_pkcs7_data
+from OpenSSL.crypto import PKCS12, load_pkcs12
+from OpenSSL.crypto import CRL, Revoked, dump_crl, load_crl
+from OpenSSL.crypto import NetscapeSPKI
+from OpenSSL.crypto import (
+    sign,
+    verify,
+    get_elliptic_curve,
+    get_elliptic_curves,
+)
+
+from OpenSSL._util import ffi as _ffi, lib as _lib
+
+from .util import (
+    EqualityTestsMixin,
+    is_consistent_type,
+    WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED,
+    NON_ASCII,
+)
+
+
+def normalize_privatekey_pem(pem):
+    return dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem))
+
+
+GOOD_CIPHER = "blowfish"
+BAD_CIPHER = "zippers"
+
+GOOD_DIGEST = "SHA1"
+BAD_DIGEST = "monkeys"
+
+old_root_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIC7TCCAlagAwIBAgIIPQzE4MbeufQwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwWDELMAkGA1UE
+BhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAklMMRAwDgYDVQQHEwdDaGljYWdvMRAwDgYDVQQKEwdU
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+w/njVbKMXrvc83qmTdGl3TAM0fxQIpqgcglFLveEBgzn
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+root_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+Q+8Bbr7QFxeWvQfHYX2yaQZ/
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+root_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+jsvxvqVnkIhWeuP9GIb6XUhq74huGZ0Hpaxe6xG34QYiBpr/O3O/ew==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+root_key_der = base64.b64decode(
+    """
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+"""
+)
+
+normalized_root_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(root_key_pem)
+
+intermediate_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+neyFR2Oc/nUlZMKfyHI+pA==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+intermediate_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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++dceH46rKyMXQ2lLA3iyzGE6NyWUTZ6co35/Qm2n8lV9IG1CuX5HVAVrr2osLG93
+zZvFSeTrN2MZvmelhS6aUJCV/PxiQPHlou8vLU6zzfPMSERTjOI=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+server_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIEKTCCApGgAwIBAgIJAJn/HpR21r/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBwwHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UECgwH
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+SCB2PMQm6DYXwM1EyA==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+server_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(
+    b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
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+jhw+Iueoehr/KLYn6wJmaxJGP0c3DHh/3gOxcgdYn6VkawPBAoHBAMJ7jfxZJfBO
+i0gDsD9Kz3EkGI8HbBpgC2Cd9DGQR9qTZy1/l/ObM2jwNumJjoHsN8fkha1d6/3n
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+TTvknsoT3qT8H/N1FwbCZ14eKV+bXHcv1lVrLdW/DnjDZRpMFa3LSg==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+)
+
+intermediate_server_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIEXTCCAsWgAwIBAgIRAPQFY9jfskSihdiNSNdt6GswDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAw
+ZjEVMBMGA1UEAxMMaW50ZXJtZWRpYXRlMQwwCgYDVQQKEwNvcmcxETAPBgNVBAsT
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+6FsxnsvstVNO3oJdpa8daLs=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+intermediate_server_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIG5AIBAAKCAYEAvdRxPHAKwxmogT7uWiWby3qVPQhhmQTgvu7aojrib0K/O252
+qophlyumtmhtnGo+Gpzwg7cIVHadXPBlbGscJybqcDMmNVdQWtzhMuxVhgkvVC8p
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+hH2AmRmlgW8u/NnzOZADBL1HxLb+vPHS1cj9cRi8aRRXyGX0miPSB4vTZpcu8cvO
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+QmxkJUz1UFCxz93V7btYSh4ftEcUeyX/z9U2aYBeGafLloxQv4eEcqFgTwkm3vmI
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+30fCGQymnX8B4ScpKuXyXxBPi1O+OmIM5Z/k04mK25sAGltHx1cEG8BMRoJxxROo
+ZUtHPBkk5H7ukeGPOaTq0PcaM1UKr9WMBTCmXGk4iwYP/mF9AoHBAOTlFVgGbbjk
+Cp/Wd7IrYCBKlnkIyBUMx5icLcsFmgXWx+Gx1HualD2aZ7kctYOfo+zLEyA6roni
+bSFLrxT4Od4uqwb51iZoJWxO+C3H1i9NoieU5JOnw5Osyl7OMXm3DkaS/N+ipP/b
+3bx1y8/WnGgqWWguXKt2lmgOItaEKrXYr6VZ1Z4upnLtkbxLANnqkQcL9287tXaW
+GPVXEteEXrtPj1f+9QYsMKuTWfaw6XfnBkBHxEZgWR+2hAN2z3c/Eg==
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+client_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+MIIEJzCCAo+gAwIBAgIJAKxpFI5lODkjMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMFgxCzAJBgNV
+BAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIDAJJTDEQMA4GA1UEBwwHQ2hpY2FnbzEQMA4GA1UECgwH
+VGVzdGluZzEYMBYGA1UEAwwPVGVzdGluZyBSb290IENBMB4XDTIwMDgwMjE3MTEy
+MVoXDTQ3MTIyMDE3MTEyMVowFjEUMBIGA1UEAwwLdWdseSBjbGllbnQwggGiMA0G
+CSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBjwAwggGKAoIBgQDGChdOMY164FScJqfiJ5LEtjYOKEg4
+nmMAMGuHIT8wZZEfzaaHhBbypzKq2cPP1qtyHgvtUMM6KOFEj4y9AonqzzdlVxbM
+i6+AvYLWlPoB5r/G1GdslUvXbc7F02B/6sB/+iFXmcdjOjAQcLWxVgUL+1CoeoY1
+awNYmzQueK/T82a/6AYTdrx7XRX4wfxjYb1o3bnnRD/jGSakIylXeUGFsiSNkBs/
+dJMkUONxizAdAE2tW6NhPuE2O0UipzUhdgFnH6WPfJ0J1S7jZ3eQTUrLkFpWSp/Z
+hx/l/Ql9vO0wagHaT2wOiZdKVT8S6V6OPzJ7/H1evCoM6EuSPBC5DDP1nPetCK1v
+uC9kb7Dg6yFPt1CKrVFt0Y6W5Y5/GzisUtvYV/OGtX4DOwL9It68D04Qrvun1t/a
+Dh/c5gKqfqIGHUvUucFmOi6DrRpadfraLZMRGN2ysPjoVwhMgwwSmSWhziQIUfxK
+oyz1CUsyr5Gh5gdifbe1AOYwu6YdtlmhqCsCAwEAAaM2MDQwHQYDVR0OBBYEFINV
+dy1eIfFJDAkk51QJEo3IfgSuMBMGA1UdJQQMMAoGCCsGAQUFBwMCMA0GCSqGSIb3
+DQEBCwUAA4IBgQAhAEACc1j6EYoSfVJD8N/FlYfHRizdfVJyrmMnC8ID1vtfrU2z
+S2q+49ja2NyM4Sq+Cf+i+sFfzFG92LayZt9Mc1BnHZMdNzQL7Ynr2nDLxHsHzuYa
+N21/ucTpHEFGLmvQ/eWBMxQQ9TbiNXn+tnnqg46dRzN3vHJp+g5+ijtMcuh007z2
+niiO8F07wlb960XviejWejMC8hBLWlA7i3EjAkDO8RFQnG2Py5cQX9GgmWH1sDy3
+rIsWlU+e46ysSWK/bnudnAlzZMB9KJATVZu5+xmCumH2hLJv5vz+jnKcgU9MBZMO
+cKgNdFUbtRlU/gfTaohmLIuSquunCCrXLsLD8ygbKKXfSPGVo2XkvX3oxqUo6dmA
+LvU4N4sCQGiSzW+a13HBtk3TBZFsJSWUGSW/H7TVFiAonumJKRqRxMOkkB9JxX+V
+9LZBYuBLpOeK4wZ8BUSNlHKnGpDzl0DzdYrGlzWz0jXlLGZ8KMfXAn9h0mOZ+IyK
+eUlgMBYyAspCQzM=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+
+client_key_pem = normalize_privatekey_pem(
+    b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+)
+
+cleartextCertificateRequestPEM = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
+"""
+
+encryptedPrivateKeyPEM = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
+DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,9573604A18579E9E
+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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase = b"foobar"
+
+cleartextPrivateKeyPEM = """-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+cleartextPublicKeyPEM = b"""-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
+MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAxszlc+b71LvlLS0ypt/l
+gT/JzSVJtnEqw9WUNGeiChywX2mmQLHEt7KP0JikqUFZOtPclNY823Q4pErMTSWC
+90qlUxI47vNJbXGRfmO2q6Zfw6SE+E9iUb74xezbOJLjBuUIkQzEKEFV+8taiRV+
+ceg1v01yCT2+OjhQW3cxG42zxyRFmqesbQAUWgS3uhPrUQqYQUEiTmVhh4FBUKZ5
+XIneGUpX1S7mXRxTLH6YzRoGFqRoc9A0BBNcoXHTWnxV215k4TeHMFYE5RG0KYAS
+8Xk5iKICEXwnZreIt3jyygqoOKsKZMK/Zl2VhMGhJR6HXRpQCyASzEG7bgtROLhL
+ywIDAQAB
+-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
+"""
+
+# Some PKCS#7 stuff.  Generated with the openssl command line:
+#
+#    openssl crl2pkcs7 -inform pem -outform pem -certfile s.pem -nocrl
+#
+# with a certificate and key (but the key should be irrelevant) in s.pem
+pkcs7Data = b"""\
+-----BEGIN PKCS7-----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+-----END PKCS7-----
+"""
+
+pkcs7DataASN1 = base64.b64decode(
+    b"""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+"""
+)
+
+crlData = b"""\
+-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----
+MIIBWzCBxTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFADBYMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzELMAkGA1UECBMC
+SUwxEDAOBgNVBAcTB0NoaWNhZ28xEDAOBgNVBAoTB1Rlc3RpbmcxGDAWBgNVBAMT
+D1Rlc3RpbmcgUm9vdCBDQRcNMDkwNzI2MDQzNDU2WhcNMTIwOTI3MDI0MTUyWjA8
+MBUCAgOrGA8yMDA5MDcyNTIzMzQ1NlowIwICAQAYDzIwMDkwNzI1MjMzNDU2WjAM
+MAoGA1UdFQQDCgEEMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBAUAA4GBAEBt7xTs2htdD3d4ErrcGAw1
+4dKcVnIWTutoI7xxen26Wwvh8VCsT7i/UeP+rBl9rC/kfjWjzQk3/zleaarGTpBT
+0yp4HXRFFoRhhSE/hP+eteaPXRgrsNRLHe9ZDd69wmh7J1wMDb0m81RG7kqcbsid
+vrzEeLDRiiPl92dyyWmu
+-----END X509 CRL-----
+"""
+
+crlDataUnsupportedExtension = b"""\
+-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----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+-----END X509 CRL-----
+"""
+
+
+# A broken RSA private key which can be used to test the error path through
+# PKey.check.
+inconsistentPrivateKeyPEM = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIIBPAIBAAJBAKy+e3dulvXzV7zoTZWc5TzgApr8DmeQHTYC8ydfzH7EECe4R1Xh
+5kwIzOuuFfn178FBiS84gngaNcrFi0Z5fAkCAwEaAQJBAIqm/bz4NA1H++Vx5Ewx
+OcKp3w19QSaZAwlGRtsUxrP7436QjnREM3Bm8ygU11BjkPVmtrKm6AayQfCHqJoT
+zIECIQDW0BoMoL0HOYM/mrTLhaykYAVqgIeJsPjvkEhTFXWBuQIhAM3deFAvWNu4
+nklUQ37XsCT2c9tmNt1LAT+slG2JOTTRAiAuXDtC/m3NYVwyHfFm+zKHRzHkClk2
+HjubeEgjpj32AQIhAJqMGTaZVOwevTXvvHwNeH+vRWsAYU/gbx+OQB+7VOcBAiEA
+oolb6NMg/R3enNPvS1O4UU1H8wpaF77L4yiSWlE0p4w=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+# certificate with NULL bytes in subjectAltName and common name
+
+nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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=
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----"""
+
+large_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"""
+
+ec_private_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGHAgEAMBMGByqGSM49AgEGCCqGSM49AwEHBG0wawIBAQQgYirTZSx+5O8Y6tlG
+cka6W6btJiocdrdolfcukSoTEk+hRANCAAQkvPNu7Pa1GcsWU4v7ptNfqCJVq8Cx
+zo0MUVPQgwJ3aJtNM1QMOQUayCrRwfklg+D/rFSUwEUqtZh7fJDiFqz3
+-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+ec_root_key_pem = b"""-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+MIGlAgEBBDEAz/HOBFPYLB0jLWeTpJn4Yc4m/C4mdWymVHBjOmnwiPHKT326iYN/
+ZhmSs+RM94RsoAcGBSuBBAAioWQDYgAEwE5vDdla/nLpWAPAQ0yFGqwLuw4BcN2r
+U+sKab5EAEHzLeceRa8ffncYdCXNoVsBcdob1y66CFZMEWLetPTmGapyWkBAs6/L
+8kUlkU9OsE+7IVo4QQJkgV5gM+Dim1XE
+-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+ec_root_cert_pem = b"""-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----"""
+
+rsa_p_not_prime_pem = """
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+MBsCAQACAS0CAQcCAQACAQ8CAQMCAQACAQACAQA=
+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+"""
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def x509_data():
+    """
+    Create a new private key and start a certificate request (for a test
+    to finish in one way or another).
+    """
+    # Basic setup stuff to generate a certificate
+    pkey = PKey()
+    pkey.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+    req = X509Req()
+    req.set_pubkey(pkey)
+    # Authority good you have.
+    req.get_subject().commonName = "Yoda root CA"
+    x509 = X509()
+    subject = x509.get_subject()
+    subject.commonName = req.get_subject().commonName
+    x509.set_issuer(subject)
+    x509.set_pubkey(pkey)
+    now = datetime.now()
+    expire = datetime.now() + timedelta(days=100)
+    x509.set_notBefore(now.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode())
+    x509.set_notAfter(expire.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode())
+    yield pkey, x509
+
+
+class TestX509Ext(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Extension`.
+    """
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of `X509Extension` instances as
+        returned by `str` includes stuff.
+        """
+        # This isn't necessarily the best string representation.  Perhaps it
+        # will be changed/improved in the future.
+        assert (
+            str(X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:false"))
+            == "CA:FALSE"
+        )
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509Extension` can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(
+            X509Extension,
+            "X509Extension",
+            b"basicConstraints",
+            True,
+            b"CA:true",
+        )
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        `X509Extension` accepts an extension type name, a critical flag,
+        and an extension value and returns an `X509Extension` instance.
+        """
+        basic = X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:true")
+        assert isinstance(basic, X509Extension)
+
+        comment = X509Extension(b"nsComment", False, b"pyOpenSSL unit test")
+        assert isinstance(comment, X509Extension)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "type_name, critical, value",
+        [
+            (b"thisIsMadeUp", False, b"hi"),
+            (b"basicConstraints", False, b"blah blah"),
+            # Exercise a weird one (an extension which uses the r2i method).
+            # This exercises the codepath that requires a non-NULL ctx to be
+            # passed to X509V3_EXT_nconf. It can't work now because we provide
+            # no configuration database. It might be made to work in the
+            # future.
+            (
+                b"proxyCertInfo",
+                True,
+                b"language:id-ppl-anyLanguage,pathlen:1,policy:text:AB",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_invalid_extension(self, type_name, critical, value):
+        """
+        `X509Extension` raises something if it is passed a bad
+        extension name or value.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            X509Extension(type_name, critical, value)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("critical_flag", [True, False])
+    def test_get_critical(self, critical_flag):
+        """
+        `X509ExtensionType.get_critical` returns the value of the
+        extension's critical flag.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", critical_flag, b"CA:true")
+        assert ext.get_critical() == critical_flag
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "short_name, value",
+        [(b"basicConstraints", b"CA:true"), (b"nsComment", b"foo bar")],
+    )
+    def test_get_short_name(self, short_name, value):
+        """
+        `X509ExtensionType.get_short_name` returns a string giving the
+        short type name of the extension.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(short_name, True, value)
+        assert ext.get_short_name() == short_name
+
+    def test_get_data(self):
+        """
+        `X509Extension.get_data` returns a string giving the data of
+        the extension.
+        """
+        ext = X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:true")
+        # Expect to get back the DER encoded form of CA:true.
+        assert ext.get_data() == b"0\x03\x01\x01\xff"
+
+    def test_unused_subject(self, x509_data):
+        """
+        The `subject` parameter to `X509Extension` may be provided for an
+        extension which does not use it and is ignored in this case.
+        """
+        pkey, x509 = x509_data
+        ext1 = X509Extension(
+            b"basicConstraints", False, b"CA:TRUE", subject=x509
+        )
+        x509.add_extensions([ext1])
+        x509.sign(pkey, "sha1")
+        # This is a little lame.  Can we think of a better way?
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, x509)
+        assert b"X509v3 Basic Constraints:" in text
+        assert b"CA:TRUE" in text
+
+    def test_subject(self, x509_data):
+        """
+        If an extension requires a subject, the `subject` parameter to
+        `X509Extension` provides its value.
+        """
+        pkey, x509 = x509_data
+        ext3 = X509Extension(
+            b"subjectKeyIdentifier", False, b"hash", subject=x509
+        )
+        x509.add_extensions([ext3])
+        x509.sign(pkey, "sha1")
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, x509)
+        assert b"X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:" in text
+
+    def test_missing_subject(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires a subject and the `subject` parameter
+        is given no value, something happens.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            X509Extension(b"subjectKeyIdentifier", False, b"hash")
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_obj", [True, object(), "hello", []])
+    def test_invalid_subject(self, bad_obj):
+        """
+        If the `subject` parameter is given a value which is not an
+        `X509` instance, `TypeError` is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            X509Extension(
+                "basicConstraints", False, "CA:TRUE", subject=bad_obj
+            )
+
+    def test_unused_issuer(self, x509_data):
+        """
+        The `issuer` parameter to `X509Extension` may be provided for an
+        extension which does not use it and is ignored in this case.
+        """
+        pkey, x509 = x509_data
+        ext1 = X509Extension(
+            b"basicConstraints", False, b"CA:TRUE", issuer=x509
+        )
+        x509.add_extensions([ext1])
+        x509.sign(pkey, "sha1")
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, x509)
+        assert b"X509v3 Basic Constraints:" in text
+        assert b"CA:TRUE" in text
+
+    def test_issuer(self, x509_data):
+        """
+        If an extension requires an issuer, the `issuer` parameter to
+        `X509Extension` provides its value.
+        """
+        pkey, x509 = x509_data
+        ext2 = X509Extension(
+            b"authorityKeyIdentifier", False, b"issuer:always", issuer=x509
+        )
+        x509.add_extensions([ext2])
+        x509.sign(pkey, "sha1")
+        text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, x509)
+        assert b"X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:" in text
+        assert b"DirName:/CN=Yoda root CA" in text
+
+    def test_missing_issuer(self):
+        """
+        If an extension requires an issue and the `issuer` parameter is
+        given no value, something happens.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            X509Extension(
+                b"authorityKeyIdentifier", False, b"keyid:always,issuer:always"
+            )
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("bad_obj", [True, object(), "hello", []])
+    def test_invalid_issuer(self, bad_obj):
+        """
+        If the `issuer` parameter is given a value which is not an
+        `X509` instance, `TypeError` is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            X509Extension(
+                "basicConstraints",
+                False,
+                "keyid:always,issuer:always",
+                issuer=bad_obj,
+            )
+
+
+class TestPKey(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.PKey`.
+    """
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_private_key(self):
+        """
+        PKey.from_cryptography_key creates a proper private PKey.
+        """
+        key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(
+            intermediate_key_pem, None, backend
+        )
+        pkey = PKey.from_cryptography_key(key)
+
+        assert isinstance(pkey, PKey)
+        assert pkey.bits() == key.key_size
+        assert pkey._only_public is False
+        assert pkey._initialized is True
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_public_key(self):
+        """
+        PKey.from_cryptography_key creates a proper public PKey.
+        """
+        key = serialization.load_pem_public_key(cleartextPublicKeyPEM, backend)
+        pkey = PKey.from_cryptography_key(key)
+
+        assert isinstance(pkey, PKey)
+        assert pkey.bits() == key.key_size
+        assert pkey._only_public is True
+        assert pkey._initialized is True
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_unsupported_type(self):
+        """
+        PKey.from_cryptography_key raises TypeError with an unsupported type.
+        """
+        key = serialization.load_pem_private_key(
+            ec_private_key_pem, None, backend
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            PKey.from_cryptography_key(key)
+
+    def test_convert_public_pkey_to_cryptography_key(self):
+        """
+        PKey.to_cryptography_key creates a proper cryptography public key.
+        """
+        pkey = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+        key = pkey.to_cryptography_key()
+
+        assert isinstance(key, rsa.RSAPublicKey)
+        assert pkey.bits() == key.key_size
+
+    def test_convert_private_pkey_to_cryptography_key(self):
+        """
+        PKey.to_cryptography_key creates a proper cryptography private key.
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        key = pkey.to_cryptography_key()
+
+        assert isinstance(key, rsa.RSAPrivateKey)
+        assert pkey.bits() == key.key_size
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `PKey` can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(PKey, "PKey")
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        `PKey` takes no arguments and returns a new `PKey` instance.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        assert isinstance(key, PKey)
+
+    def test_pregeneration(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.bits` and `PKey.type` return `0` before the key is generated.
+        `PKey.check` raises `TypeError` before the key is generated.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        assert key.type() == 0
+        assert key.bits() == 0
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            key.check()
+
+    def test_failed_generation(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.generate_key` takes two arguments, the first giving the key type
+        as one of `TYPE_RSA` or `TYPE_DSA` and the second giving the number of
+        bits to generate.  If an invalid type is specified or generation fails,
+        `Error` is raised.  If an invalid number of bits is specified,
+        `ValueError` or `Error` is raised.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            key.generate_key("foo", "bar")
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            key.generate_key(-1, 0)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, -1)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 0)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, object())
+
+        # XXX RSA generation for small values of bits is fairly buggy in a wide
+        # range of OpenSSL versions.  I need to figure out what the safe lower
+        # bound for a reasonable number of OpenSSL versions is and explicitly
+        # check for that in the wrapper.  The failure behavior is typically an
+        # infinite loop inside OpenSSL.
+
+        # with pytest.raises(Error):
+        #     key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 2)
+
+        # XXX DSA generation seems happy with any number of bits.  The DSS
+        # says bits must be between 512 and 1024 inclusive.  OpenSSL's DSA
+        # generator doesn't seem to care about the upper limit at all.  For
+        # the lower limit, it uses 512 if anything smaller is specified.
+        # So, it doesn't seem possible to make generate_key fail for
+        # TYPE_DSA with a bits argument which is at least an int.
+
+        # with pytest.raises(Error):
+        #     key.generate_key(TYPE_DSA, -7)
+
+    def test_rsa_generation(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.generate_key` generates an RSA key when passed `TYPE_RSA` as a
+        type and a reasonable number of bits.
+        """
+        bits = 512
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, bits)
+        assert key.type() == TYPE_RSA
+        assert key.bits() == bits
+        assert key.check()
+
+    def test_dsa_generation(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.generate_key` generates a DSA key when passed `TYPE_DSA` as a
+        type and a reasonable number of bits.
+        """
+        # 512 is a magic number.  The DSS (Digital Signature Standard)
+        # allows a minimum of 512 bits for DSA.  DSA_generate_parameters
+        # will silently promote any value below 512 to 512.
+        bits = 512
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_DSA, bits)
+        assert key.type() == TYPE_DSA
+        assert key.bits() == bits
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            key.check()
+
+    def test_regeneration(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.generate_key` can be called multiple times on the same key to
+        generate new keys.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        for type, bits in [(TYPE_RSA, 512), (TYPE_DSA, 576)]:
+            key.generate_key(type, bits)
+            assert key.type() == type
+            assert key.bits() == bits
+
+    def test_inconsistent_key(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.check` returns `Error` if the key is not consistent.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, inconsistentPrivateKeyPEM)
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            key.check()
+
+    def test_check_public_key(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.check` raises `TypeError` if only the public part of the key
+        is available.
+        """
+        # A trick to get a public-only key
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.set_pubkey(key)
+        pub = cert.get_pubkey()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            pub.check()
+
+    def test_check_pr_897(self):
+        """
+        `PKey.check` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if provided with broken key
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, rsa_p_not_prime_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            pkey.check()
+
+
+def x509_name(**attrs):
+    """
+    Return a new X509Name with the given attributes.
+    """
+    # XXX There's no other way to get a new X509Name yet.
+    name = X509().get_subject()
+    attrs = list(attrs.items())
+
+    # Make the order stable - order matters!
+    def key(attr):
+        return attr[1]
+
+    attrs.sort(key=key)
+    for k, v in attrs:
+        setattr(name, k, v)
+    return name
+
+
+class TestX509Name(object):
+    """
+    Unit tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Name`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        The type of X509Name objects is `X509Name`.
+        """
+        name = x509_name()
+        assert isinstance(name, X509Name)
+
+    def test_only_string_attributes(self):
+        """
+        Attempting to set a non-`str` attribute name on an `X509Name` instance
+        causes `TypeError` to be raised.
+        """
+        name = x509_name()
+        # Beyond these cases, you may also think that unicode should be
+        # rejected.  Sorry, you're wrong.  unicode is automatically converted
+        # to str outside of the control of X509Name, so there's no way to
+        # reject it.
+
+        # Also, this used to test str subclasses, but that test is less
+        # relevant now that the implementation is in Python instead of C.  Also
+        # PyPy automatically converts str subclasses to str when they are
+        # passed to setattr, so we can't test it on PyPy.  Apparently CPython
+        # does this sometimes as well.
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            setattr(name, None, "hello")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            setattr(name, 30, "hello")
+
+    def test_set_invalid_attribute(self):
+        """
+        Attempting to set any attribute name on an `X509Name` instance for
+        which no corresponding NID is defined causes `AttributeError` to be
+        raised.
+        """
+        name = x509_name()
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            setattr(name, "no such thing", None)
+
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name` instances have attributes for each standard (?)
+        X509Name field.
+        """
+        name = x509_name()
+        name.commonName = "foo"
+        assert name.commonName == "foo"
+        assert name.CN == "foo"
+
+        name.CN = "baz"
+        assert name.commonName == "baz"
+        assert name.CN == "baz"
+
+        name.commonName = "bar"
+        assert name.commonName == "bar"
+        assert name.CN == "bar"
+
+        name.CN = "quux"
+        assert name.commonName == "quux"
+        assert name.CN == "quux"
+
+        assert name.OU is None
+
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            name.foobar
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name` creates a new `X509Name` instance with all the same
+        attributes as an existing `X509Name` instance when called with one.
+        """
+        name = x509_name(commonName="foo", emailAddress="bar@example.com")
+
+        copy = X509Name(name)
+        assert copy.commonName == "foo"
+        assert copy.emailAddress == "bar@example.com"
+
+        # Mutate the copy and ensure the original is unmodified.
+        copy.commonName = "baz"
+        assert name.commonName == "foo"
+
+        # Mutate the original and ensure the copy is unmodified.
+        name.emailAddress = "quux@example.com"
+        assert copy.emailAddress == "bar@example.com"
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        `repr` passed an `X509Name` instance should return a string containing
+        a description of the type and the NIDs which have been set on it.
+        """
+        name = x509_name(commonName="foo", emailAddress="bar")
+        assert repr(name) == "<X509Name object '/emailAddress=bar/CN=foo'>"
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name` instances should compare based on their NIDs.
+        """
+
+        def _equality(a, b, assert_true, assert_false):
+            assert_true(a == b)
+            assert_false(a != b)
+            assert_true(b == a)
+            assert_false(b != a)
+
+        def assert_true(x):
+            assert x
+
+        def assert_false(x):
+            assert not x
+
+        def assert_equal(a, b):
+            _equality(a, b, assert_true, assert_false)
+
+        # Instances compare equal to themselves.
+        name = x509_name()
+        assert_equal(name, name)
+
+        # Empty instances should compare equal to each other.
+        assert_equal(x509_name(), x509_name())
+
+        # Instances with equal NIDs should compare equal to each other.
+        assert_equal(x509_name(commonName="foo"), x509_name(commonName="foo"))
+
+        # Instance with equal NIDs set using different aliases should compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assert_equal(x509_name(commonName="foo"), x509_name(CN="foo"))
+
+        # Instances with more than one NID with the same values should compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assert_equal(
+            x509_name(CN="foo", organizationalUnitName="bar"),
+            x509_name(commonName="foo", OU="bar"),
+        )
+
+        def assert_not_equal(a, b):
+            _equality(a, b, assert_false, assert_true)
+
+        # Instances with different values for the same NID should not compare
+        # equal to each other.
+        assert_not_equal(x509_name(CN="foo"), x509_name(CN="bar"))
+
+        # Instances with different NIDs should not compare equal to each other.
+        assert_not_equal(x509_name(CN="foo"), x509_name(OU="foo"))
+
+        assert_not_equal(x509_name(), object())
+
+        def _inequality(a, b, assert_true, assert_false):
+            assert_true(a < b)
+            assert_true(a <= b)
+            assert_true(b > a)
+            assert_true(b >= a)
+            assert_false(a > b)
+            assert_false(a >= b)
+            assert_false(b < a)
+            assert_false(b <= a)
+
+        def assert_less_than(a, b):
+            _inequality(a, b, assert_true, assert_false)
+
+        # An X509Name with a NID with a value which sorts less than the value
+        # of the same NID on another X509Name compares less than the other
+        # X509Name.
+        assert_less_than(x509_name(CN="abc"), x509_name(CN="def"))
+
+        def assert_greater_than(a, b):
+            _inequality(a, b, assert_false, assert_true)
+
+        # An X509Name with a NID with a value which sorts greater than the
+        # value of the same NID on another X509Name compares greater than the
+        # other X509Name.
+        assert_greater_than(x509_name(CN="def"), x509_name(CN="abc"))
+
+    def test_hash(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name.hash` returns an integer hash based on the value of the name.
+        """
+        a = x509_name(CN="foo")
+        b = x509_name(CN="foo")
+        assert a.hash() == b.hash()
+        a.CN = "bar"
+        assert a.hash() != b.hash()
+
+    def test_der(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name.der` returns the DER encoded form of the name.
+        """
+        a = x509_name(CN="foo", C="US")
+        assert (
+            a.der() == b"0\x1b1\x0b0\t\x06\x03U\x04\x06\x13\x02US"
+            b"1\x0c0\n\x06\x03U\x04\x03\x0c\x03foo"
+        )
+
+    def test_get_components(self):
+        """
+        `X509Name.get_components` returns a `list` of two-tuples of `str`
+        giving the NIDs and associated values which make up the name.
+        """
+        a = x509_name()
+        assert a.get_components() == []
+        a.CN = "foo"
+        assert a.get_components() == [(b"CN", b"foo")]
+        a.organizationalUnitName = "bar"
+        assert a.get_components() == [(b"CN", b"foo"), (b"OU", b"bar")]
+
+    def test_load_nul_byte_attribute(self):
+        """
+        An `X509Name` from an `X509` instance loaded from a file can have a
+        NUL byte in the value of one of its attributes.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM)
+        subject = cert.get_subject()
+        assert "null.python.org\x00example.org" == subject.commonName
+
+    def test_load_nul_byte_components(self):
+        """
+        An `X509Name` from an `X509` instance loaded from a file can have a
+        NUL byte in the value of its components
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM)
+        subject = cert.get_subject()
+        components = subject.get_components()
+        ccn = [value for name, value in components if name == b"CN"]
+        assert ccn[0] == b"null.python.org\x00example.org"
+
+    def test_set_attribute_failure(self):
+        """
+        If the value of an attribute cannot be set for some reason then
+        `Error` is raised.
+        """
+        name = x509_name()
+        # This value is too long
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            setattr(name, "O", b"x" * 512)
+
+
+class _PKeyInteractionTestsMixin:
+    """
+    Tests which involve another thing and a PKey.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Return something with `set_pubkey` and `sign` methods.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def test_sign_with_ungenerated(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.sign` raises `ValueError` when passed a `PKey` with no parts.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            request.sign(key, GOOD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_sign_with_public_key(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.sign` raises `ValueError` when passed a `PKey` with no private
+        part as the signing key.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        request.set_pubkey(key)
+        pub = request.get_pubkey()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            request.sign(pub, GOOD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_sign_with_unknown_digest(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.sign` raises `ValueError` when passed a digest name which is
+        not known.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            request.sign(key, BAD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_sign(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.sign` succeeds when passed a private key object and a
+        valid digest function. `X509Req.verify` can be used to check
+        the signature.
+        """
+        request = self.signable()
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        request.set_pubkey(key)
+        request.sign(key, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        # If the type has a verify method, cover that too.
+        if getattr(request, "verify", None) is not None:
+            pub = request.get_pubkey()
+            assert request.verify(pub)
+            # Make another key that won't verify.
+            key = PKey()
+            key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+            with pytest.raises(Error):
+                request.verify(key)
+
+
+class TestX509Req(_PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Req`.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Create and return a new `X509Req`.
+        """
+        return X509Req()
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req` can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(X509Req, "X509Req")
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req` takes no arguments and returns an `X509Req` instance.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        assert isinstance(request, X509Req)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.set_version` sets the X.509 version of the certificate
+        request. `X509Req.get_version` returns the X.509 version of the
+        certificate request. The initial value of the version is 0.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        assert request.get_version() == 0
+        request.set_version(1)
+        assert request.get_version() == 1
+        request.set_version(3)
+        assert request.get_version() == 3
+
+    def test_version_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.set_version` raises `TypeError` if called with a non-`int`
+        argument.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            request.set_version("foo")
+
+    def test_get_subject(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.get_subject` returns an `X509Name` for the subject of the
+        request and which is valid even after the request object is
+        otherwise dead.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        subject = request.get_subject()
+        assert isinstance(subject, X509Name)
+        subject.commonName = "foo"
+        assert request.get_subject().commonName == "foo"
+        del request
+        subject.commonName = "bar"
+        assert subject.commonName == "bar"
+
+    def test_add_extensions(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.add_extensions` accepts a `list` of `X509Extension` instances
+        and adds them to the X509 request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        request.add_extensions(
+            [X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:false")]
+        )
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        assert len(exts) == 1
+        assert exts[0].get_short_name() == b"basicConstraints"
+        assert exts[0].get_critical() == 1
+        assert exts[0].get_data() == b"0\x00"
+
+    def test_get_extensions(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.get_extensions` returns a `list` of extensions added to this
+        X509 request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        assert exts == []
+        request.add_extensions(
+            [
+                X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:true"),
+                X509Extension(b"keyUsage", False, b"digitalSignature"),
+            ]
+        )
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        assert len(exts) == 2
+        assert exts[0].get_short_name() == b"basicConstraints"
+        assert exts[0].get_critical() == 1
+        assert exts[0].get_data() == b"0\x03\x01\x01\xff"
+        assert exts[1].get_short_name() == b"keyUsage"
+        assert exts[1].get_critical() == 0
+        assert exts[1].get_data() == b"\x03\x02\x07\x80"
+        # Requesting it a second time should return the same list
+        exts = request.get_extensions()
+        assert len(exts) == 2
+
+    def test_add_extensions_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.add_extensions` raises `TypeError` if called with a
+        non-`list`.  Or it raises `ValueError` if called with a `list`
+        containing objects other than `X509Extension` instances.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            request.add_extensions(object())
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            request.add_extensions([object()])
+
+    def test_verify_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.verify` raises `TypeError` if passed anything other than a
+        `PKey` instance as its single argument.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            request.verify(object())
+
+    def test_verify_uninitialized_key(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.verify` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if called with a
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.PKey` which contains no key data.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = PKey()
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            request.verify(pkey)
+
+    def test_verify_wrong_key(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.verify` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if called with a
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.PKey` which does not represent the public part of the
+        key which signed the request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        request.set_pubkey(pkey)
+        request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        another_pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            request.verify(another_pkey)
+
+    def test_verify_success(self):
+        """
+        `X509Req.verify` returns `True` if called with a `OpenSSL.crypto.PKey`
+        which represents the public part of the key which signed the request.
+        """
+        request = X509Req()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        request.set_pubkey(pkey)
+        request.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        assert request.verify(pkey)
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography(self):
+        crypto_req = x509.load_pem_x509_csr(
+            cleartextCertificateRequestPEM, backend
+        )
+        req = X509Req.from_cryptography(crypto_req)
+        assert isinstance(req, X509Req)
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_unsupported_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            X509Req.from_cryptography(object())
+
+    def test_convert_to_cryptography_key(self):
+        req = load_certificate_request(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificateRequestPEM
+        )
+        crypto_req = req.to_cryptography()
+        assert isinstance(crypto_req, x509.CertificateSigningRequest)
+
+
+class TestX509(_PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509`.
+    """
+
+    pemData = root_cert_pem + root_key_pem
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Create and return a new `X509`.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        # Fill in placeholder validity values. signable only expects to call
+        # set_pubkey and sign.
+        certificate.gmtime_adj_notBefore(-24 * 60 * 60)
+        certificate.gmtime_adj_notAfter(24 * 60 * 60)
+        return certificate
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509` can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(X509, "X509")
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        `X509` takes no arguments and returns an instance of `X509`.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        assert isinstance(certificate, X509)
+        assert type(certificate).__name__ == "X509"
+        assert type(certificate) == X509
+
+    def test_set_version_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_version` raises `TypeError` if invoked with an argument
+        not of type `int`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.set_version(None)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_version` sets the certificate version number.
+        `X509.get_version` retrieves it.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.set_version(1234)
+        assert cert.get_version() == 1234
+
+    def test_serial_number(self):
+        """
+        The serial number of an `X509` can be retrieved and
+        modified with `X509.get_serial_number` and
+        `X509.set_serial_number`.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            certificate.set_serial_number("1")
+        assert certificate.get_serial_number() == 0
+        certificate.set_serial_number(1)
+        assert certificate.get_serial_number() == 1
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 32 + 1)
+        assert certificate.get_serial_number() == 2 ** 32 + 1
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 64 + 1)
+        assert certificate.get_serial_number() == 2 ** 64 + 1
+        certificate.set_serial_number(2 ** 128 + 1)
+        assert certificate.get_serial_number() == 2 ** 128 + 1
+
+    def _setBoundTest(self, which):
+        """
+        `X509.set_notBefore` takes a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the beginning of the certificate's
+        validity period to it.
+        """
+        certificate = X509()
+        set = getattr(certificate, "set_not" + which)
+        get = getattr(certificate, "get_not" + which)
+
+        # Starts with no value.
+        assert get() is None
+
+        # GMT (Or is it UTC?) -exarkun
+        when = b"20040203040506Z"
+        set(when)
+        assert get() == when
+
+        # A plus two hours and thirty minutes offset
+        when = b"20040203040506+0530"
+        set(when)
+        assert get() == when
+
+        # A minus one hour fifteen minutes offset
+        when = b"20040203040506-0115"
+        set(when)
+        assert get() == when
+
+        # An invalid string results in a ValueError
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            set(b"foo bar")
+
+        # The wrong number of arguments results in a TypeError.
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            set()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            set(b"20040203040506Z", b"20040203040506Z")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            get(b"foo bar")
+
+    # XXX ASN1_TIME (not GENERALIZEDTIME)
+
+    def test_set_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_notBefore` takes a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the beginning of the certificate's
+        validity period to it.
+        """
+        self._setBoundTest("Before")
+
+    def test_set_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_notAfter` takes a string in the format of an ASN1
+        GENERALIZEDTIME and sets the end of the certificate's validity period
+        to it.
+        """
+        self._setBoundTest("After")
+
+    def test_get_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_notBefore` returns a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME even for certificates which store it as UTCTIME
+        internally.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, old_root_cert_pem)
+        assert cert.get_notBefore() == b"20090325123658Z"
+
+    def test_get_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_notAfter` returns a string in the format of an
+        ASN1 GENERALIZEDTIME even for certificates which store it as UTCTIME
+        internally.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, old_root_cert_pem)
+        assert cert.get_notAfter() == b"20170611123658Z"
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notBefore_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509.gmtime_adj_notBefore` raises `TypeError` if called with a
+        non-`int` argument.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(None)
+
+    @flaky.flaky
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notBefore(self):
+        """
+        `X509.gmtime_adj_notBefore` changes the not-before timestamp to be the
+        current time plus the number of seconds passed in.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        not_before_min = datetime.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) + timedelta(
+            seconds=100
+        )
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(100)
+        not_before = datetime.strptime(
+            cert.get_notBefore().decode(), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+        )
+        not_before_max = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        assert not_before_min <= not_before <= not_before_max
+
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notAfter_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509.gmtime_adj_notAfter` raises `TypeError` if called with a
+        non-`int` argument.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(None)
+
+    @flaky.flaky
+    def test_gmtime_adj_notAfter(self):
+        """
+        `X509.gmtime_adj_notAfter` changes the not-after timestamp
+        to be the current time plus the number of seconds passed in.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        not_after_min = datetime.utcnow().replace(microsecond=0) + timedelta(
+            seconds=100
+        )
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(100)
+        not_after = datetime.strptime(
+            cert.get_notAfter().decode(), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+        )
+        not_after_max = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(seconds=100)
+        assert not_after_min <= not_after <= not_after_max
+
+    def test_has_expired(self):
+        """
+        `X509.has_expired` returns `True` if the certificate's not-after time
+        is in the past.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(-1)
+        assert cert.has_expired()
+
+    def test_has_not_expired(self):
+        """
+        `X509.has_expired` returns `False` if the certificate's not-after time
+        is in the future.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(2)
+        assert not cert.has_expired()
+
+    def test_root_has_not_expired(self):
+        """
+        `X509.has_expired` returns `False` if the certificate's not-after time
+        is in the future.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        assert not cert.has_expired()
+
+    def test_digest(self):
+        """
+        `X509.digest` returns a string giving ":"-separated hex-encoded
+        words of the digest of the certificate.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, old_root_cert_pem)
+        assert (
+            # This is MD5 instead of GOOD_DIGEST because the digest algorithm
+            # actually matters to the assertion (ie, another arbitrary, good
+            # digest will not product the same digest).
+            # Digest verified with the command:
+            # openssl x509 -in root_cert.pem -noout -fingerprint -md5
+            cert.digest("MD5")
+            == b"19:B3:05:26:2B:F8:F2:FF:0B:8F:21:07:A8:28:B8:75"
+        )
+
+    def _extcert(self, pkey, extensions):
+        cert = X509()
+        # Certificates with extensions must be X.509v3, which is encoded with a
+        # version of two.
+        cert.set_version(2)
+        cert.set_pubkey(pkey)
+        cert.get_subject().commonName = "Unit Tests"
+        cert.get_issuer().commonName = "Unit Tests"
+        when = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode("ascii")
+        cert.set_notBefore(when)
+        cert.set_notAfter(when)
+
+        cert.add_extensions(extensions)
+        cert.sign(pkey, "sha1")
+        return load_certificate(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert)
+        )
+
+    def test_extension_count(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_extension_count` returns the number of extensions
+        that are present in the certificate.
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        ca = X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:FALSE")
+        key = X509Extension(b"keyUsage", True, b"digitalSignature")
+        subjectAltName = X509Extension(
+            b"subjectAltName", True, b"DNS:example.com"
+        )
+
+        # Try a certificate with no extensions at all.
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [])
+        assert c.get_extension_count() == 0
+
+        # And a certificate with one
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [ca])
+        assert c.get_extension_count() == 1
+
+        # And a certificate with several
+        c = self._extcert(pkey, [ca, key, subjectAltName])
+        assert c.get_extension_count() == 3
+
+    def test_get_extension(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_extension` takes an integer and returns an
+        `X509Extension` corresponding to the extension at that index.
+        """
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, client_key_pem)
+        ca = X509Extension(b"basicConstraints", True, b"CA:FALSE")
+        key = X509Extension(b"keyUsage", True, b"digitalSignature")
+        subjectAltName = X509Extension(
+            b"subjectAltName", False, b"DNS:example.com"
+        )
+
+        cert = self._extcert(pkey, [ca, key, subjectAltName])
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(0)
+        assert isinstance(ext, X509Extension)
+        assert ext.get_critical()
+        assert ext.get_short_name() == b"basicConstraints"
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(1)
+        assert isinstance(ext, X509Extension)
+        assert ext.get_critical()
+        assert ext.get_short_name() == b"keyUsage"
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(2)
+        assert isinstance(ext, X509Extension)
+        assert not ext.get_critical()
+        assert ext.get_short_name() == b"subjectAltName"
+
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+            cert.get_extension(-1)
+        with pytest.raises(IndexError):
+            cert.get_extension(4)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.get_extension("hello")
+
+    def test_nullbyte_subjectAltName(self):
+        """
+        The fields of a `subjectAltName` extension on an X509 may contain NUL
+        bytes and this value is reflected in the string representation of the
+        extension object.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, nulbyteSubjectAltNamePEM)
+
+        ext = cert.get_extension(3)
+        assert ext.get_short_name() == b"subjectAltName"
+        assert (
+            b"DNS:altnull.python.org\x00example.com, "
+            b"email:null@python.org\x00user@example.org, "
+            b"URI:http://null.python.org\x00http://example.org, "
+            b"IP Address:192.0.2.1, IP Address:2001:DB8:0:0:0:0:0:1\n"
+            == str(ext).encode("ascii")
+        )
+
+    def test_invalid_digest_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        `X509.digest` raises `ValueError` if called with an unrecognized hash
+        algorithm.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            cert.digest(BAD_DIGEST)
+
+    def test_get_subject(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_subject` returns an `X509Name` instance.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        subj = cert.get_subject()
+        assert isinstance(subj, X509Name)
+        assert subj.get_components() == [
+            (b"C", b"US"),
+            (b"ST", b"IL"),
+            (b"L", b"Chicago"),
+            (b"O", b"Testing"),
+            (b"CN", b"Testing Root CA"),
+        ]
+
+    def test_set_subject_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_subject` raises a `TypeError` if called with an argument not
+        of type `X509Name`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.set_subject(None)
+
+    def test_set_subject(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_subject` changes the subject of the certificate to the one
+        passed in.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        name = cert.get_subject()
+        name.C = "AU"
+        name.OU = "Unit Tests"
+        cert.set_subject(name)
+        assert cert.get_subject().get_components() == [
+            (b"C", b"AU"),
+            (b"OU", b"Unit Tests"),
+        ]
+
+    def test_get_issuer(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_issuer` returns an `X509Name` instance.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        subj = cert.get_issuer()
+        assert isinstance(subj, X509Name)
+        comp = subj.get_components()
+        assert comp == [
+            (b"C", b"US"),
+            (b"ST", b"IL"),
+            (b"L", b"Chicago"),
+            (b"O", b"Testing"),
+            (b"CN", b"Testing Root CA"),
+        ]
+
+    def test_set_issuer_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_issuer` raises a `TypeError` if called with an argument not
+        of type `X509Name`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.set_issuer(None)
+
+    def test_set_issuer(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_issuer` changes the issuer of the certificate to the
+        one passed in.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        name = cert.get_issuer()
+        name.C = "AU"
+        name.OU = "Unit Tests"
+        cert.set_issuer(name)
+        assert cert.get_issuer().get_components() == [
+            (b"C", b"AU"),
+            (b"OU", b"Unit Tests"),
+        ]
+
+    def test_get_pubkey_uninitialized(self):
+        """
+        When called on a certificate with no public key, `X509.get_pubkey`
+        raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error`.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            cert.get_pubkey()
+
+    def test_set_pubkey_wrong_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509.set_pubkey` raises `TypeError` when given an object of the
+        wrong type.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.set_pubkey(object())
+
+    def test_subject_name_hash(self):
+        """
+        `X509.subject_name_hash` returns the hash of the certificate's
+        subject name.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        # SHA1
+        assert cert.subject_name_hash() == 3278919224
+
+    def test_get_signature_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_signature_algorithm` returns a string which means
+        the algorithm used to sign the certificate.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, self.pemData)
+        assert b"sha256WithRSAEncryption" == cert.get_signature_algorithm()
+
+    def test_get_undefined_signature_algorithm(self):
+        """
+        `X509.get_signature_algorithm` raises `ValueError` if the signature
+        algorithm is undefined or unknown.
+        """
+        # This certificate has been modified to indicate a bogus OID in the
+        # signature algorithm field so that OpenSSL does not recognize it.
+        certPEM = b"""\
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+"""
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, certPEM)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            cert.get_signature_algorithm()
+
+    def test_sign_bad_pubkey_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509.sign` raises `TypeError` when called with the wrong type.
+        """
+        cert = X509()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            cert.sign(object(), b"sha256")
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography(self):
+        crypto_cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(
+            intermediate_cert_pem, backend
+        )
+        cert = X509.from_cryptography(crypto_cert)
+
+        assert isinstance(cert, X509)
+        assert cert.get_version() == crypto_cert.version.value
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_unsupported_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            X509.from_cryptography(object())
+
+    def test_convert_to_cryptography_key(self):
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_cert_pem)
+        crypto_cert = cert.to_cryptography()
+
+        assert isinstance(crypto_cert, x509.Certificate)
+        assert crypto_cert.version.value == cert.get_version()
+
+
+class TestX509Store(object):
+    """
+    Test for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509Store`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `X509Store` is a type object.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(X509Store, "X509Store")
+
+    def test_add_cert(self):
+        """
+        `X509Store.add_cert` adds a `X509` instance to the certificate store.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(cert)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("cert", [None, 1.0, "cert", object()])
+    def test_add_cert_wrong_args(self, cert):
+        """
+        `X509Store.add_cert` raises `TypeError` if passed a non-X509 object
+        as its first argument.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            store.add_cert(cert)
+
+    def test_add_cert_accepts_duplicate(self):
+        """
+        `X509Store.add_cert` doesn't raise `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` if an attempt
+        is made to add the same certificate to the store more than once.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(cert)
+        store.add_cert(cert)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "cafile, capath, call_cafile, call_capath",
+        [
+            (
+                "/cafile" + NON_ASCII,
+                None,
+                b"/cafile" + NON_ASCII.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()),
+                _ffi.NULL,
+            ),
+            (
+                b"/cafile" + NON_ASCII.encode("utf-8"),
+                None,
+                b"/cafile" + NON_ASCII.encode("utf-8"),
+                _ffi.NULL,
+            ),
+            (
+                None,
+                "/capath" + NON_ASCII,
+                _ffi.NULL,
+                b"/capath" + NON_ASCII.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding()),
+            ),
+            (
+                None,
+                b"/capath" + NON_ASCII.encode("utf-8"),
+                _ffi.NULL,
+                b"/capath" + NON_ASCII.encode("utf-8"),
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_load_locations_parameters(
+        self, cafile, capath, call_cafile, call_capath, monkeypatch
+    ):
+        class LibMock(object):
+            def load_locations(self, store, cafile, capath):
+                self.cafile = cafile
+                self.capath = capath
+                return 1
+
+        lib_mock = LibMock()
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            _lib, "X509_STORE_load_locations", lib_mock.load_locations
+        )
+
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(cafile=cafile, capath=capath)
+
+        assert call_cafile == lib_mock.cafile
+        assert call_capath == lib_mock.capath
+
+    def test_load_locations_fails_when_all_args_are_none(self):
+        store = X509Store()
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            store.load_locations(None, None)
+
+    def test_load_locations_raises_error_on_failure(self, tmpdir):
+        invalid_ca_file = tmpdir.join("invalid.pem")
+        invalid_ca_file.write("This is not a certificate")
+
+        store = X509Store()
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            store.load_locations(cafile=str(invalid_ca_file))
+
+
+class TestPKCS12(object):
+    """
+    Test for `OpenSSL.crypto.PKCS12` and `OpenSSL.crypto.load_pkcs12`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS12` is a type object.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(PKCS12, "PKCS12")
+
+    def test_empty_construction(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS12` returns a new instance of `PKCS12` with no certificate,
+        private key, CA certificates, or friendly name.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        assert None is p12.get_certificate()
+        assert None is p12.get_privatekey()
+        assert None is p12.get_ca_certificates()
+        assert None is p12.get_friendlyname()
+
+    def test_type_errors(self):
+        """
+        The `PKCS12` setter functions (`set_certificate`, `set_privatekey`,
+        `set_ca_certificates`, and `set_friendlyname`) raise `TypeError`
+        when passed objects of types other than those expected.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        for bad_arg in [3, PKey(), X509]:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                p12.set_certificate(bad_arg)
+        for bad_arg in [3, "legbone", X509()]:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                p12.set_privatekey(bad_arg)
+        for bad_arg in [3, X509(), (3, 4), (PKey(),)]:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                p12.set_ca_certificates(bad_arg)
+        for bad_arg in [6, ("foo", "bar")]:
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+                p12.set_friendlyname(bad_arg)
+
+    def test_key_only(self):
+        """
+        A `PKCS12` with only a private key can be exported using
+        `PKCS12.export` and loaded again using `load_pkcs12`.
+        """
+        passwd = b"blah"
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        p12.set_privatekey(pkey)
+        assert None is p12.get_certificate()
+        assert pkey == p12.get_privatekey()
+        try:
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        except Error:
+            # Some versions of OpenSSL will throw an exception
+            # for this nearly useless PKCS12 we tried to generate:
+            # [('PKCS12 routines', 'PKCS12_create', 'invalid null argument')]
+            return
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+        assert None is p12.get_ca_certificates()
+        assert None is p12.get_certificate()
+
+        # OpenSSL fails to bring the key back to us.  So sad.  Perhaps in the
+        # future this will be improved.
+        assert isinstance(p12.get_privatekey(), (PKey, type(None)))
+
+    def test_cert_only(self):
+        """
+        A `PKCS12` with only a certificate can be exported using
+        `PKCS12.export` and loaded again using `load_pkcs12`.
+        """
+        passwd = b"blah"
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_certificate(cert)
+        assert cert == p12.get_certificate()
+        assert None is p12.get_privatekey()
+        try:
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        except Error:
+            # Some versions of OpenSSL will throw an exception
+            # for this nearly useless PKCS12 we tried to generate:
+            # [('PKCS12 routines', 'PKCS12_create', 'invalid null argument')]
+            return
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+        assert None is p12.get_privatekey()
+
+        # OpenSSL fails to bring the cert back to us.  Groany mcgroan.
+        assert isinstance(p12.get_certificate(), (X509, type(None)))
+
+        # Oh ho.  It puts the certificate into the ca certificates list, in
+        # fact.  Totally bogus, I would think.  Nevertheless, let's exploit
+        # that to check to see if it reconstructed the certificate we expected
+        # it to.  At some point, hopefully this will change so that
+        # p12.get_certificate() is actually what returns the loaded
+        # certificate.
+        assert root_cert_pem == dump_certificate(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_ca_certificates()[0]
+        )
+
+    def gen_pkcs12(
+        self, cert_pem=None, key_pem=None, ca_pem=None, friendly_name=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Generate a PKCS12 object with components from PEM.  Verify that the set
+        functions return None.
+        """
+        p12 = PKCS12()
+        if cert_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert_pem))
+            assert ret is None
+        if key_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_privatekey(load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key_pem))
+            assert ret is None
+        if ca_pem:
+            ret = p12.set_ca_certificates(
+                (load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, ca_pem),)
+            )
+            assert ret is None
+        if friendly_name:
+            ret = p12.set_friendlyname(friendly_name)
+            assert ret is None
+        return p12
+
+    def check_recovery(
+        self, p12_str, key=None, cert=None, ca=None, passwd=b"", extra=()
+    ):
+        """
+        Use openssl program to confirm three components are recoverable from a
+        PKCS12 string.
+        """
+        if key:
+            recovered_key = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str,
+                b"pkcs12",
+                b"-nocerts",
+                b"-nodes",
+                b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd,
+                *extra
+            )
+            assert recovered_key[-len(key) :] == key
+        if cert:
+            recovered_cert = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str,
+                b"pkcs12",
+                b"-clcerts",
+                b"-nodes",
+                b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd,
+                b"-nokeys",
+                *extra
+            )
+            assert recovered_cert[-len(cert) :] == cert
+        if ca:
+            recovered_cert = _runopenssl(
+                p12_str,
+                b"pkcs12",
+                b"-cacerts",
+                b"-nodes",
+                b"-passin",
+                b"pass:" + passwd,
+                b"-nokeys",
+                *extra
+            )
+            assert recovered_cert[-len(ca) :] == ca
+
+    def verify_pkcs12_container(self, p12):
+        """
+        Verify that the PKCS#12 container contains the correct client
+        certificate and private key.
+
+        :param p12: The PKCS12 instance to verify.
+        :type p12: `PKCS12`
+        """
+        cert_pem = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_certificate())
+        key_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, p12.get_privatekey())
+        assert (client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, None) == (
+            cert_pem,
+            key_pem,
+            p12.get_ca_certificates(),
+        )
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using the openssl command line can be loaded
+        with `load_pkcs12` and its components extracted and examined.
+        """
+        passwd = b"whatever"
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(
+            pem,
+            b"pkcs12",
+            b"-export",
+            b"-clcerts",
+            b"-passout",
+            b"pass:" + passwd,
+        )
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str, passphrase=passwd)
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_text_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using the openssl command line can be loaded
+        with `load_pkcs12` and its components extracted and examined.
+        Using text as passphrase instead of bytes. DeprecationWarning expected.
+        """
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        passwd = b"whatever"
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(
+            pem,
+            b"pkcs12",
+            b"-export",
+            b"-clcerts",
+            b"-passout",
+            b"pass:" + passwd,
+        )
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str, passphrase=b"whatever".decode("ascii"))
+            msg = "{0} for passphrase is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+            )
+            assert msg == str(w[-1].message)
+
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_no_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string generated using openssl command line can be loaded with
+        `load_pkcs12` without a passphrase and its components extracted
+        and examined.
+        """
+        pem = client_key_pem + client_cert_pem
+        p12_str = _runopenssl(
+            pem, b"pkcs12", b"-export", b"-clcerts", b"-passout", b"pass:"
+        )
+        p12 = load_pkcs12(p12_str)
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(p12)
+
+    def _dump_and_load(self, dump_passphrase, load_passphrase):
+        """
+        A helper method to dump and load a PKCS12 object.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=dump_passphrase, iter=2, maciter=3)
+        return load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passphrase=load_passphrase)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_null_passphrase_load_empty(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with a null passphrase, loaded with an
+        empty passphrase with `load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=None, load_passphrase=b"")
+        )
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_null_passphrase_load_null(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with a null passphrase, loaded with a
+        null passphrase with `load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=None, load_passphrase=None)
+        )
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_empty_passphrase_load_empty(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with an empty passphrase, loaded with an
+        empty passphrase with `load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=b"", load_passphrase=b"")
+        )
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_empty_passphrase_load_null(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 string can be dumped with an empty passphrase, loaded with a
+        null passphrase with `load_pkcs12`, and its components
+        extracted and examined.
+        """
+        self.verify_pkcs12_container(
+            self._dump_and_load(dump_passphrase=b"", load_passphrase=None)
+        )
+
+    def test_load_pkcs12_garbage(self):
+        """
+        `load_pkcs12` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when passed
+        a string which is not a PKCS12 dump.
+        """
+        passwd = b"whatever"
+        with pytest.raises(Error) as err:
+            load_pkcs12(b"fruit loops", passwd)
+        assert err.value.args[0][0][0] == "asn1 encoding routines"
+        assert len(err.value.args[0][0]) == 3
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS12.set_certificate` replaces the certificate in a PKCS12
+        cluster. `PKCS12.set_privatekey` replaces the private key.
+        `PKCS12.set_ca_certificates` replaces the CA certificates.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_certificate(load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, server_cert_pem))
+        p12.set_privatekey(load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, server_key_pem))
+        root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        client_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, client_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([root_cert])  # not a tuple
+        assert 1 == len(p12.get_ca_certificates())
+        assert root_cert == p12.get_ca_certificates()[0]
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([client_cert, root_cert])
+        assert 2 == len(p12.get_ca_certificates())
+        assert client_cert == p12.get_ca_certificates()[0]
+        assert root_cert == p12.get_ca_certificates()[1]
+
+    def test_friendly_name(self):
+        """
+        The *friendlyName* of a PKCS12 can be set and retrieved via
+        `PKCS12.get_friendlyname` and `PKCS12_set_friendlyname`, and a
+        `PKCS12` with a friendly name set can be dumped with `PKCS12.export`.
+        """
+        passwd = b'Dogmeat[]{}!@#$%^&*()~`?/.,<>-_+=";:'
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        for friendly_name in [b"Serverlicious", None, b"###"]:
+            p12.set_friendlyname(friendly_name)
+            assert p12.get_friendlyname() == friendly_name
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=2, maciter=3)
+            reloaded_p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+            assert p12.get_friendlyname() == reloaded_p12.get_friendlyname()
+            # We would use the openssl program to confirm the friendly
+            # name, but it is not possible.  The pkcs12 command
+            # does not store the friendly name in the cert's
+            # alias, which we could then extract.
+            self.check_recovery(
+                dumped_p12,
+                key=server_key_pem,
+                cert=server_cert_pem,
+                ca=root_cert_pem,
+                passwd=passwd,
+            )
+
+    def test_various_empty_passphrases(self):
+        """
+        Test that missing, None, and '' passphrases are identical for PKCS12
+        export.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(client_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        passwd = b""
+        dumped_p12_empty = p12.export(iter=2, maciter=0, passphrase=passwd)
+        dumped_p12_none = p12.export(iter=3, maciter=2, passphrase=None)
+        dumped_p12_nopw = p12.export(iter=9, maciter=4)
+        for dumped_p12 in [dumped_p12_empty, dumped_p12_none, dumped_p12_nopw]:
+            self.check_recovery(
+                dumped_p12,
+                key=client_key_pem,
+                cert=client_cert_pem,
+                ca=root_cert_pem,
+                passwd=passwd,
+            )
+
+    def test_removing_ca_cert(self):
+        """
+        Passing `None` to `PKCS12.set_ca_certificates` removes all CA
+        certificates.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates(None)
+        assert None is p12.get_ca_certificates()
+
+    def test_export_without_mac(self):
+        """
+        Exporting a PKCS12 with a `maciter` of `-1` excludes the MAC entirely.
+        """
+        passwd = b"Lake Michigan"
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(maciter=-1, passphrase=passwd, iter=2)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12,
+            key=server_key_pem,
+            cert=server_cert_pem,
+            passwd=passwd,
+            extra=(b"-nomacver",),
+        )
+
+    def test_load_without_mac(self):
+        """
+        Loading a PKCS12 without a MAC does something other than crash.
+        """
+        passwd = b"Lake Michigan"
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(maciter=-1, passphrase=passwd, iter=2)
+        try:
+            recovered_p12 = load_pkcs12(dumped_p12, passwd)
+            # The person who generated this PCKS12 should be flogged,
+            # or better yet we should have a means to determine
+            # whether a PCKS12 had a MAC that was verified.
+            # Anyway, libopenssl chooses to allow it, so the
+            # pyopenssl binding does as well.
+            assert isinstance(recovered_p12, PKCS12)
+        except Error:
+            # Failing here with an exception is preferred as some openssl
+            # versions do.
+            pass
+
+    def test_zero_len_list_for_ca(self):
+        """
+        A PKCS12 with an empty CA certificates list can be exported.
+        """
+        passwd = b"Hobie 18"
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem)
+        p12.set_ca_certificates([])
+        assert () == p12.get_ca_certificates()
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=passwd, iter=3)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem, passwd=passwd
+        )
+
+    def test_export_without_args(self):
+        """
+        All the arguments to `PKCS12.export` are optional.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        dumped_p12 = p12.export()  # no args
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12, key=server_key_pem, cert=server_cert_pem, passwd=b""
+        )
+
+    def test_export_without_bytes(self):
+        """
+        Test `PKCS12.export` with text not bytes as passphrase
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
+            simplefilter("always")
+            dumped_p12 = p12.export(passphrase=b"randomtext".decode("ascii"))
+            msg = "{0} for passphrase is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+            )
+            assert msg == str(w[-1].message)
+        self.check_recovery(
+            dumped_p12,
+            key=server_key_pem,
+            cert=server_cert_pem,
+            passwd=b"randomtext",
+        )
+
+    def test_key_cert_mismatch(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS12.export` raises an exception when a key and certificate
+        mismatch.
+        """
+        p12 = self.gen_pkcs12(server_cert_pem, client_key_pem, root_cert_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            p12.export()
+
+
+def _runopenssl(pem, *args):
+    """
+    Run the command line openssl tool with the given arguments and write
+    the given PEM to its stdin.  Not safe for quotes.
+    """
+    proc = Popen([b"openssl"] + list(args), stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
+    proc.stdin.write(pem)
+    proc.stdin.close()
+    output = proc.stdout.read()
+    proc.stdout.close()
+    proc.wait()
+    return output
+
+
+class TestLoadPublicKey(object):
+    """
+    Tests for :func:`load_publickey`.
+    """
+
+    def test_loading_works(self):
+        """
+        load_publickey loads public keys and sets correct attributes.
+        """
+        key = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+
+        assert True is key._only_public
+        assert 2048 == key.bits()
+        assert TYPE_RSA == key.type()
+
+    def test_invalid_type(self):
+        """
+        load_publickey doesn't support FILETYPE_TEXT.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_publickey(FILETYPE_TEXT, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+
+    def test_invalid_key_format(self):
+        """
+        load_publickey explodes on incorrect keys.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_publickey(FILETYPE_ASN1, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+
+    def test_tolerates_unicode_strings(self):
+        """
+        load_publickey works with text strings, not just bytes.
+        """
+        serialized = cleartextPublicKeyPEM.decode("ascii")
+        key = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, serialized)
+        dumped_pem = dump_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+
+        assert dumped_pem == cleartextPublicKeyPEM
+
+
+class TestFunction(object):
+    """
+    Tests for free-functions in the `OpenSSL.crypto` module.
+    """
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_invalid_format(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `ValueError` if passed an unknown filetype.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_privatekey(100, root_key_pem)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_invalid_passphrase_type(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `TypeError` if passed a passphrase that is
+        neither a `str` nor a callable.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            load_privatekey(
+                FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase, object()
+            )
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_wrongPassphrase(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when it is passed an
+        encrypted PEM and an incorrect passphrase.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error) as err:
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, b"quack")
+        assert err.value.args[0] != []
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphraseWrongType(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `ValueError` when it is passeda passphrase
+        with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't support
+        encryption.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        blob = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, blob, "secret")
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` can create a `PKey` object from an encrypted PEM
+        string if given the passphrase.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(
+            FILETYPE_PEM,
+            encryptedPrivateKeyPEM,
+            encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase,
+        )
+        assert isinstance(key, PKey)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase_exception(self):
+        """
+        If the passphrase callback raises an exception, that exception is
+        raised by `load_privatekey`.
+        """
+
+        def cb(ignored):
+            raise ArithmeticError
+
+        with pytest.raises(ArithmeticError):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_wrongPassphraseCallback(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` when it
+        is passed an encrypted PEM and a passphrase callback which returns an
+        incorrect passphrase.
+        """
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(*a):
+            called.append(None)
+            return b"quack"
+
+        with pytest.raises(Error) as err:
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+        assert called
+        assert err.value.args[0] != []
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphraseCallback(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` can create a `PKey` object from an encrypted PEM
+        string if given a passphrase callback which returns the correct
+        password.
+        """
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(writing):
+            called.append(writing)
+            return encryptedPrivateKeyPEMPassphrase
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+        assert isinstance(key, PKey)
+        assert called == [False]
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase_wrong_return_type(self):
+        """
+        `load_privatekey` raises `ValueError` if the passphrase callback
+        returns something other than a byte string.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_privatekey(
+                FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, lambda *args: 3
+            )
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `TypeError` if called with a `cipher`
+        argument but no `passphrase` argument.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, cipher=GOOD_CIPHER)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_not_rsa_key(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `TypeError` if called with a key that is
+        not RSA.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_DSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_TEXT, key)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_invalid_pkey(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_TEXT, object())
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_unknown_cipher(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `ValueError` if called with an unrecognized
+        cipher name.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, BAD_CIPHER, "passphrase")
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_invalid_passphrase_type(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `TypeError` if called with a passphrase which
+        is neither a `str` nor a callable.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, object())
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_invalid_filetype(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `ValueError` if called with an unrecognized
+        filetype.
+        """
+        key = PKey()
+        key.generate_key(TYPE_RSA, 512)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(100, key)
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_passphrase_callback_length(self):
+        """
+        `crypto.load_privatekey` should raise an error when the passphrase
+        provided by the callback is too long, not silently truncate it.
+        """
+
+        def cb(ignored):
+            return "a" * 1025
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encryptedPrivateKeyPEM, cb)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes an encrypted PEM when given a passphrase.
+        """
+        passphrase = b"foo"
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, passphrase)
+        assert isinstance(pem, bytes)
+        loadedKey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem, passphrase)
+        assert isinstance(loadedKey, PKey)
+        assert loadedKey.type() == key.type()
+        assert loadedKey.bits() == key.bits()
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase_wrong_type(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` raises `ValueError` when it is passed a passphrase
+        with a private key encoded in a format, that doesn't support
+        encryption.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key, GOOD_CIPHER, "secret")
+
+    def test_dump_certificate(self):
+        """
+        `dump_certificate` writes PEM, DER, and text.
+        """
+        pemData = root_cert_pem + root_key_pem
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, pemData)
+        dumped_pem = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert)
+        assert dumped_pem == root_cert_pem
+        dumped_der = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, cert)
+        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"x509", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        assert dumped_der == good_der
+        cert2 = load_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cert2)
+        assert dumped_pem2 == root_cert_pem
+        dumped_text = dump_certificate(FILETYPE_TEXT, cert)
+        assert len(dumped_text) > 500
+
+    def test_dump_certificate_bad_type(self):
+        """
+        `dump_certificate` raises a `ValueError` if it's called with
+        a bad type.
+        """
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_certificate(object(), cert)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_pem(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes a PEM
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        assert key.check()
+        dumped_pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+        assert dumped_pem == normalized_root_key_pem
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_asn1(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes a DER
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+
+        dumped_der = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
+        assert dumped_der == root_key_der
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_asn1(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes a DER
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, root_key_der)
+        assert key.bits() == 3072
+        assert key.type() == TYPE_RSA
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_text(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes a text
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        dumped_text = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_TEXT, key)
+        assert len(dumped_text) > 500
+
+    def test_dump_publickey_pem(self):
+        """
+        dump_publickey writes a PEM.
+        """
+        key = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+        dumped_pem = dump_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, key)
+        assert dumped_pem == cleartextPublicKeyPEM
+
+    def test_dump_publickey_asn1(self):
+        """
+        dump_publickey writes a DER.
+        """
+        key = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+        dumped_der = dump_publickey(FILETYPE_ASN1, key)
+        key2 = load_publickey(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, key2)
+        assert dumped_pem2 == cleartextPublicKeyPEM
+
+    def test_dump_publickey_invalid_type(self):
+        """
+        dump_publickey doesn't support FILETYPE_TEXT.
+        """
+        key = load_publickey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPublicKeyPEM)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_publickey(FILETYPE_TEXT, key)
+
+    def test_dump_certificate_request(self):
+        """
+        `dump_certificate_request` writes a PEM, DER, and text.
+        """
+        req = load_certificate_request(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextCertificateRequestPEM
+        )
+        dumped_pem = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_PEM, req)
+        assert dumped_pem == cleartextCertificateRequestPEM
+        dumped_der = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_ASN1, req)
+        good_der = _runopenssl(dumped_pem, b"req", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        assert dumped_der == good_der
+        req2 = load_certificate_request(FILETYPE_ASN1, dumped_der)
+        dumped_pem2 = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_PEM, req2)
+        assert dumped_pem2 == cleartextCertificateRequestPEM
+        dumped_text = dump_certificate_request(FILETYPE_TEXT, req)
+        assert len(dumped_text) > 500
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_certificate_request(100, req)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase_callback(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` writes an encrypted PEM when given a callback
+        which returns the correct passphrase.
+        """
+        passphrase = b"foo"
+        called = []
+
+        def cb(writing):
+            called.append(writing)
+            return passphrase
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        pem = dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+        assert isinstance(pem, bytes)
+        assert called == [True]
+        loadedKey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, pem, passphrase)
+        assert isinstance(loadedKey, PKey)
+        assert loadedKey.type() == key.type()
+        assert loadedKey.bits() == key.bits()
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphrase_exception(self):
+        """
+        `dump_privatekey` should not overwrite the exception raised
+        by the passphrase callback.
+        """
+
+        def cb(ignored):
+            raise ArithmeticError
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(ArithmeticError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_passphraseCallbackLength(self):
+        """
+        `crypto.dump_privatekey` should raise an error when the passphrase
+        provided by the callback is too long, not silently truncate it.
+        """
+
+        def cb(ignored):
+            return "a" * 1025
+
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            dump_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, key, GOOD_CIPHER, cb)
+
+    def test_dump_privatekey_truncated(self):
+        """
+        `crypto.dump_privatekey` should not truncate a passphrase that contains
+        a null byte.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        passphrase = b"foo\x00bar"
+        truncated_passphrase = passphrase.split(b"\x00", 1)[0]
+
+        # By dumping with the full passphrase load should raise an error if we
+        # try to load using the truncated passphrase. If dump truncated the
+        # passphrase, then we WILL load the privatekey and the test fails
+        encrypted_key_pem = dump_privatekey(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, key, "AES-256-CBC", passphrase
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_privatekey(
+                FILETYPE_PEM, encrypted_key_pem, truncated_passphrase
+            )
+
+    def test_load_privatekey_truncated(self):
+        """
+        `crypto.load_privatekey` should not truncate a passphrase that contains
+        a null byte.
+        """
+        key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, cleartextPrivateKeyPEM)
+        passphrase = b"foo\x00bar"
+        truncated_passphrase = passphrase.split(b"\x00", 1)[0]
+
+        # By dumping using the truncated passphrase load should raise an error
+        # if we try to load using the full passphrase. If load truncated the
+        # passphrase, then we WILL load the privatekey and the test fails
+        encrypted_key_pem = dump_privatekey(
+            FILETYPE_PEM, key, "AES-256-CBC", truncated_passphrase
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, encrypted_key_pem, passphrase)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_pem(self):
+        """
+        `load_pkcs7_data` accepts a PKCS#7 string and returns an instance of
+        `PKCS`.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert isinstance(pkcs7, PKCS7)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_asn1(self):
+        """
+        `load_pkcs7_data` accepts a bytes containing ASN1 data representing
+        PKCS#7 and returns an instance of `PKCS7`.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_ASN1, pkcs7DataASN1)
+        assert isinstance(pkcs7, PKCS7)
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_data_invalid(self):
+        """
+        If the data passed to `load_pkcs7_data` is invalid, `Error` is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, b"foo")
+
+    def test_load_pkcs7_type_invalid(self):
+        """
+        If the type passed to `load_pkcs7_data`, `ValueError` is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_pkcs7_data(object(), b"foo")
+
+
+class TestLoadCertificate(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `load_certificate_request`.
+    """
+
+    def test_bad_file_type(self):
+        """
+        If the file type passed to `load_certificate_request` is neither
+        `FILETYPE_PEM` nor `FILETYPE_ASN1` then `ValueError` is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_certificate_request(object(), b"")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_certificate(object(), b"")
+
+    def test_bad_certificate(self):
+        """
+        If the bytes passed to `load_certificate` are not a valid certificate,
+        an exception is raised.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, b"lol")
+
+
+class TestPKCS7(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `PKCS7`.
+    """
+
+    def test_type_is_signed(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS7.type_is_signed` returns `True` if the PKCS7 object is of
+        the type *signed*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert pkcs7.type_is_signed()
+
+    def test_type_is_enveloped(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS7.type_is_enveloped` returns `False` if the PKCS7 object is not
+        of the type *enveloped*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert not pkcs7.type_is_enveloped()
+
+    def test_type_is_signed_and_enveloped(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS7.type_is_signedAndEnveloped` returns `False`
+        if the PKCS7 object is not of the type *signed and enveloped*.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert not pkcs7.type_is_signedAndEnveloped()
+
+    def test_type_is_data(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS7.type_is_data` returns `False` if the PKCS7 object is not of
+        the type data.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert not pkcs7.type_is_data()
+
+    def test_get_type_name(self):
+        """
+        `PKCS7.get_type_name` returns a `str` giving the
+        type name.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        assert pkcs7.get_type_name() == b"pkcs7-signedData"
+
+    def test_attribute(self):
+        """
+        If an attribute other than one of the methods tested here is accessed
+        on an instance of `PKCS7`, `AttributeError` is raised.
+        """
+        pkcs7 = load_pkcs7_data(FILETYPE_PEM, pkcs7Data)
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            pkcs7.foo
+
+
+class TestNetscapeSPKI(_PKeyInteractionTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.NetscapeSPKI`.
+    """
+
+    def signable(self):
+        """
+        Return a new `NetscapeSPKI` for use with signing tests.
+        """
+        return NetscapeSPKI()
+
+    def test_type(self):
+        """
+        `NetscapeSPKI` can be used to create instances of that type.
+        """
+        assert is_consistent_type(NetscapeSPKI, "NetscapeSPKI")
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        `NetscapeSPKI` returns an instance of `NetscapeSPKI`.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        assert isinstance(nspki, NetscapeSPKI)
+
+    def test_invalid_attribute(self):
+        """
+        Accessing a non-existent attribute of a `NetscapeSPKI` instance
+        causes an `AttributeError` to be raised.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+            nspki.foo
+
+    def test_b64_encode(self):
+        """
+        `NetscapeSPKI.b64_encode` encodes the certificate to a base64 blob.
+        """
+        nspki = NetscapeSPKI()
+        pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        nspki.set_pubkey(pkey)
+        nspki.sign(pkey, GOOD_DIGEST)
+        blob = nspki.b64_encode()
+        assert isinstance(blob, bytes)
+
+
+class TestRevoked(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.
+    """
+
+    def test_ignores_unsupported_revoked_cert_extension_get_reason(self):
+        """
+        The get_reason method on the Revoked class checks to see if the
+        extension is NID_crl_reason and should skip it otherwise. This test
+        loads a CRL with extensions it should ignore.
+        """
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlDataUnsupportedExtension)
+        revoked = crl.get_revoked()
+        reason = revoked[1].get_reason()
+        assert reason == b"Unspecified"
+
+    def test_ignores_unsupported_revoked_cert_extension_set_new_reason(self):
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlDataUnsupportedExtension)
+        revoked = crl.get_revoked()
+        revoked[1].set_reason(None)
+        reason = revoked[1].get_reason()
+        assert reason is None
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can create `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Check that it is
+        empty.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        assert isinstance(revoked, Revoked)
+        assert type(revoked) == Revoked
+        assert revoked.get_serial() == b"00"
+        assert revoked.get_rev_date() is None
+        assert revoked.get_reason() is None
+
+    def test_serial(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get serial numbers from
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Confirm errors are handled with grace.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        ret = revoked.set_serial(b"10b")
+        assert ret is None
+        ser = revoked.get_serial()
+        assert ser == b"010B"
+
+        revoked.set_serial(b"31ppp")  # a type error would be nice
+        ser = revoked.get_serial()
+        assert ser == b"31"
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            revoked.set_serial(b"pqrst")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            revoked.set_serial(100)
+
+    def test_date(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get revocation dates from
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  Confirm errors are handled with grace.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        date = revoked.get_rev_date()
+        assert date is None
+
+        now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode("ascii")
+        ret = revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        assert ret is None
+        date = revoked.get_rev_date()
+        assert date == now
+
+    def test_reason(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can set and get revocation reasons from
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked`.  The "get" need to work as "set".
+        Likewise, each reason of all_reasons() must work.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        for r in revoked.all_reasons():
+            for x in range(2):
+                ret = revoked.set_reason(r)
+                assert ret is None
+                reason = revoked.get_reason()
+                assert reason.lower().replace(b" ", b"") == r.lower().replace(
+                    b" ", b""
+                )
+                r = reason  # again with the resp of get
+
+        revoked.set_reason(None)
+        assert revoked.get_reason() is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("reason", [object(), 1.0, u"foo"])
+    def test_set_reason_wrong_args(self, reason):
+        """
+        `Revoked.set_reason` raises `TypeError` if called with an argument
+        which is neither `None` nor a byte string.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            revoked.set_reason(reason)
+
+    def test_set_reason_invalid_reason(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.crypto.Revoked.set_reason` with an argument which
+        isn't a valid reason results in `ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            revoked.set_reason(b"blue")
+
+
+class TestCRL(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.CRL`.
+    """
+
+    cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+    pkey = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+
+    root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+    root_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+    intermediate_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_cert_pem)
+    intermediate_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_key_pem)
+    intermediate_server_cert = load_certificate(
+        FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_server_cert_pem
+    )
+    intermediate_server_key = load_privatekey(
+        FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_server_key_pem
+    )
+
+    def test_construction(self):
+        """
+        Confirm we can create `OpenSSL.crypto.CRL`.  Check
+        that it is empty
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        assert isinstance(crl, CRL)
+        assert crl.get_revoked() is None
+
+    def _get_crl(self):
+        """
+        Get a new ``CRL`` with a revocation.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode("ascii")
+        revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        revoked.set_serial(b"3ab")
+        revoked.set_reason(b"sUpErSeDEd")
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+        return crl
+
+    def test_export_pem(self):
+        """
+        If not passed a format, ``CRL.export`` returns a "PEM" format string
+        representing a serial number, a revoked reason, and certificate issuer
+        information.
+        """
+        # PEM format
+        dumped_crl = self._get_crl().export(
+            self.cert, self.pkey, days=20, digest=b"sha256"
+        )
+        crl = x509.load_pem_x509_crl(dumped_crl, backend)
+        revoked = crl.get_revoked_certificate_by_serial_number(0x03AB)
+        assert revoked is not None
+        assert crl.issuer == x509.Name(
+            [
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"IL"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Chicago"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Testing"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(
+                    x509.NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"Testing Root CA"
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_export_der(self):
+        """
+        If passed ``FILETYPE_ASN1`` for the format, ``CRL.export`` returns a
+        "DER" format string representing a serial number, a revoked reason, and
+        certificate issuer information.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+
+        # DER format
+        dumped_crl = self._get_crl().export(
+            self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_ASN1, digest=b"md5"
+        )
+        crl = x509.load_der_x509_crl(dumped_crl, backend)
+        revoked = crl.get_revoked_certificate_by_serial_number(0x03AB)
+        assert revoked is not None
+        assert crl.issuer == x509.Name(
+            [
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, u"US"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, u"IL"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, u"Chicago"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, u"Testing"),
+                x509.NameAttribute(
+                    x509.NameOID.COMMON_NAME, u"Testing Root CA"
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def test_export_text(self):
+        """
+        If passed ``FILETYPE_TEXT`` for the format, ``CRL.export`` returns a
+        text format string like the one produced by the openssl command line
+        tool.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+
+        # text format
+        dumped_text = crl.export(
+            self.cert, self.pkey, type=FILETYPE_TEXT, digest=b"md5"
+        )
+        assert len(dumped_text) > 500
+
+    def test_export_custom_digest(self):
+        """
+        If passed the name of a digest function, ``CRL.export`` uses a
+        signature algorithm based on that digest function.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, digest=b"sha1")
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        text.index(b"Signature Algorithm: sha1")
+
+    def test_export_md5_digest(self):
+        """
+        If passed md5 as the digest function, ``CRL.export`` uses md5 and does
+        not emit a deprecation warning.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        with pytest.warns(None) as catcher:
+            simplefilter("always")
+        assert 0 == len(catcher)
+        dumped_crl = crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, digest=b"md5")
+        text = _runopenssl(dumped_crl, b"crl", b"-noout", b"-text")
+        text.index(b"Signature Algorithm: md5")
+
+    def test_export_default_digest(self):
+        """
+        If not passed the name of a digest function, ``CRL.export`` raises a
+        ``TypeError``.
+        """
+        crl = self._get_crl()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey)
+
+    def test_export_invalid(self):
+        """
+        If `CRL.export` is used with an uninitialized `X509` instance,
+        `OpenSSL.crypto.Error` is raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            crl.export(X509(), PKey(), digest=b"sha256")
+
+    def test_add_revoked_keyword(self):
+        """
+        `OpenSSL.CRL.add_revoked` accepts its single argument as the
+        ``revoked`` keyword argument.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        revoked.set_serial(b"01")
+        revoked.set_rev_date(b"20160310020145Z")
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked=revoked)
+        assert isinstance(crl.get_revoked()[0], Revoked)
+
+    def test_export_wrong_args(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.CRL.export` with arguments other than the certificate,
+        private key, integer file type, and integer number of days it
+        expects, results in a `TypeError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(None, self.pkey, FILETYPE_PEM, 10)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, None, FILETYPE_PEM, 10)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, None, 10)
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, FILETYPE_PEM, None)
+
+    def test_export_unknown_filetype(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.CRL.export` with a file type other than
+        `FILETYPE_PEM`, `FILETYPE_ASN1`, or
+        `FILETYPE_TEXT` results in a `ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            crl.export(self.cert, self.pkey, 100, 10, digest=b"sha256")
+
+    def test_export_unknown_digest(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.CRL.export` with an unsupported digest results
+        in a `ValueError` being raised.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            crl.export(
+                self.cert, self.pkey, FILETYPE_PEM, 10, b"strange-digest"
+            )
+
+    def test_get_revoked(self):
+        """
+        Use python to create a simple CRL with two revocations. Get back the
+        `Revoked` using `OpenSSL.CRL.get_revoked` and verify them.
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+
+        revoked = Revoked()
+        now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ").encode("ascii")
+        revoked.set_rev_date(now)
+        revoked.set_serial(b"3ab")
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+        revoked.set_serial(b"100")
+        revoked.set_reason(b"sUpErSeDEd")
+        crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        assert len(revs) == 2
+        assert type(revs[0]) == Revoked
+        assert type(revs[1]) == Revoked
+        assert revs[0].get_serial() == b"03AB"
+        assert revs[1].get_serial() == b"0100"
+        assert revs[0].get_rev_date() == now
+        assert revs[1].get_rev_date() == now
+
+    def test_load_crl(self):
+        """
+        Load a known CRL and inspect its revocations.  Both EM and DER formats
+        are loaded.
+        """
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlData)
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        assert len(revs) == 2
+        assert revs[0].get_serial() == b"03AB"
+        assert revs[0].get_reason() is None
+        assert revs[1].get_serial() == b"0100"
+        assert revs[1].get_reason() == b"Superseded"
+
+        der = _runopenssl(crlData, b"crl", b"-outform", b"DER")
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
+        revs = crl.get_revoked()
+        assert len(revs) == 2
+        assert revs[0].get_serial() == b"03AB"
+        assert revs[0].get_reason() is None
+        assert revs[1].get_serial() == b"0100"
+        assert revs[1].get_reason() == b"Superseded"
+
+    def test_load_crl_bad_filetype(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.crypto.load_crl` with an unknown file type raises a
+        `ValueError`.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            load_crl(100, crlData)
+
+    def test_load_crl_bad_data(self):
+        """
+        Calling `OpenSSL.crypto.load_crl` with file data which can't be loaded
+        raises a `OpenSSL.crypto.Error`.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, b"hello, world")
+
+    def test_get_issuer(self):
+        """
+        Load a known CRL and assert its issuer's common name is what we expect
+        from the encoded crlData string.
+        """
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlData)
+        assert isinstance(crl.get_issuer(), X509Name)
+        assert crl.get_issuer().CN == "Testing Root CA"
+
+    def test_dump_crl(self):
+        """
+        The dumped CRL matches the original input.
+        """
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlData)
+        buf = dump_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crl)
+        assert buf == crlData
+
+    def _make_test_crl(self, issuer_cert, issuer_key, certs=()):
+        """
+        Create a CRL.
+
+        :param list[X509] certs: A list of certificates to revoke.
+        :rtype: CRL
+        """
+        crl = CRL()
+        for cert in certs:
+            revoked = Revoked()
+            # FIXME: This string splicing is an unfortunate implementation
+            # detail that has been reported in
+            # https://github.com/pyca/pyopenssl/issues/258
+            serial = hex(cert.get_serial_number())[2:].encode("utf-8")
+            revoked.set_serial(serial)
+            revoked.set_reason(b"unspecified")
+            revoked.set_rev_date(b"20140601000000Z")
+            crl.add_revoked(revoked)
+        crl.set_version(1)
+        crl.set_lastUpdate(b"20140601000000Z")
+        crl.set_nextUpdate(b"20180601000000Z")
+        crl.sign(issuer_cert, issuer_key, digest=b"sha512")
+        return crl
+
+    def test_verify_with_revoked(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when an intermediate certificate is
+        revoked.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        root_crl = self._make_test_crl(
+            self.root_cert, self.root_key, certs=[self.intermediate_cert]
+        )
+        intermediate_crl = self._make_test_crl(
+            self.intermediate_cert, self.intermediate_key, certs=[]
+        )
+        store.add_crl(root_crl)
+        store.add_crl(intermediate_crl)
+        store.set_flags(
+            X509StoreFlags.CRL_CHECK | X509StoreFlags.CRL_CHECK_ALL
+        )
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as err:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+        assert err.value.args[0][2] == "certificate revoked"
+
+    def test_verify_with_missing_crl(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when an intermediate certificate's
+        CRL is missing.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        root_crl = self._make_test_crl(
+            self.root_cert, self.root_key, certs=[self.intermediate_cert]
+        )
+        store.add_crl(root_crl)
+        store.set_flags(
+            X509StoreFlags.CRL_CHECK | X509StoreFlags.CRL_CHECK_ALL
+        )
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as err:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+        assert err.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get certificate CRL"
+        assert err.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "intermediate-service"
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography(self):
+        crypto_crl = x509.load_pem_x509_crl(crlData, backend)
+        crl = CRL.from_cryptography(crypto_crl)
+        assert isinstance(crl, CRL)
+
+    def test_convert_from_cryptography_unsupported_type(self):
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            CRL.from_cryptography(object())
+
+    def test_convert_to_cryptography_key(self):
+        crl = load_crl(FILETYPE_PEM, crlData)
+        crypto_crl = crl.to_cryptography()
+        assert isinstance(crypto_crl, x509.CertificateRevocationList)
+
+
+class TestX509StoreContext(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.X509StoreContext`.
+    """
+
+    root_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+    intermediate_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_cert_pem)
+    intermediate_server_cert = load_certificate(
+        FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_server_cert_pem
+    )
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` returns ``None`` when called with a certificate
+        and valid chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    def test_reuse(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` can be called multiple times with the same
+        ``X509StoreContext`` instance to produce the same result.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "root_cert, chain, verified_cert",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                root_cert,
+                [intermediate_cert],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="intermediate in chain",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                root_cert,
+                [],
+                intermediate_cert,
+                id="empty chain",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                root_cert,
+                [root_cert, intermediate_server_cert, intermediate_cert],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="extra certs in chain",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_verify_success_with_chain(self, root_cert, chain, verified_cert):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(root_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, verified_cert, chain=chain)
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    def test_valid_untrusted_chain_reuse(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` using an untrusted chain can be called multiple
+        times with the same ``X509StoreContext`` instance to produce the same
+        result.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        chain = [self.intermediate_cert]
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(
+            store, self.intermediate_server_cert, chain=chain
+        )
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    def test_chain_reference(self):
+        """
+        ``X509StoreContext`` properly keeps references to the untrusted chain
+        certificates.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        chain = [load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, intermediate_cert_pem)]
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(
+            store, self.intermediate_server_cert, chain=chain
+        )
+
+        del chain
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "root_cert, chain, verified_cert",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                root_cert,
+                [],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="intermediate missing",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                None,
+                [intermediate_cert],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="no trusted root",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                None,
+                [root_cert, intermediate_cert],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="untrusted root, full chain is available",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                intermediate_cert,
+                [root_cert, intermediate_cert],
+                intermediate_server_cert,
+                id="untrusted root, intermediate is trusted and in chain",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_verify_fail_with_chain(self, root_cert, chain, verified_cert):
+        store = X509Store()
+        if root_cert:
+            store.add_cert(root_cert)
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, verified_cert, chain=chain)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError):
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "chain, expected_error",
+        [
+            pytest.param(
+                [intermediate_cert, "This is not a certificate"],
+                TypeError,
+                id="non-certificate in chain",
+            ),
+            pytest.param(
+                42,
+                TypeError,
+                id="non-list chain",
+            ),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_untrusted_chain_wrong_args(self, chain, expected_error):
+        """
+        Creating ``X509StoreContext`` with wrong chain raises an exception.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(expected_error):
+            X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert, chain=chain)
+
+    def test_failure_building_untrusted_chain_raises(self, monkeypatch):
+        """
+        Creating ``X509StoreContext`` raises ``OpenSSL.crypto.Error`` when
+        the underlying lib fails to add the certificate to the stack.
+        """
+        monkeypatch.setattr(_lib, "sk_X509_push", lambda _stack, _x509: -1)
+
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        chain = [self.intermediate_cert]
+
+        with pytest.raises(Error):
+            X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert, chain=chain)
+
+    def test_trusted_self_signed(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` returns ``None`` when called with a self-signed
+        certificate and itself in the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.root_cert)
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    def test_untrusted_self_signed(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when a self-signed certificate is
+        verified without itself in the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.root_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "self signed certificate"
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "Testing Root CA"
+
+    def test_invalid_chain_no_root(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when a root certificate is missing
+        from the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get issuer certificate"
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "intermediate"
+
+    def test_invalid_chain_no_intermediate(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when an intermediate certificate is
+        missing from the chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get local issuer certificate"
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "intermediate-service"
+
+    def test_modification_pre_verify(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` can use a store context modified after
+        instantiation.
+        """
+        store_bad = X509Store()
+        store_bad.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_good = X509Store()
+        store_good.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store_good.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store_bad, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get issuer certificate"
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "intermediate"
+
+        store_ctx.set_store(store_good)
+        assert store_ctx.verify_certificate() is None
+
+    def test_verify_with_time(self):
+        """
+        `verify_certificate` raises error when the verification time is
+        set at notAfter.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+
+        expire_time = self.intermediate_server_cert.get_notAfter()
+        expire_datetime = datetime.strptime(
+            expire_time.decode("utf-8"), "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ"
+        )
+        store.set_time(expire_datetime)
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "certificate has expired"
+
+    def test_get_verified_chain(self):
+        """
+        `get_verified_chain` returns the verified chain.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.root_cert)
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        chain = store_ctx.get_verified_chain()
+        assert len(chain) == 3
+        intermediate_subject = self.intermediate_server_cert.get_subject()
+        assert chain[0].get_subject() == intermediate_subject
+        assert chain[1].get_subject() == self.intermediate_cert.get_subject()
+        assert chain[2].get_subject() == self.root_cert.get_subject()
+        # Test reuse
+        chain = store_ctx.get_verified_chain()
+        assert len(chain) == 3
+        assert chain[0].get_subject() == intermediate_subject
+        assert chain[1].get_subject() == self.intermediate_cert.get_subject()
+        assert chain[2].get_subject() == self.root_cert.get_subject()
+
+    def test_get_verified_chain_invalid_chain_no_root(self):
+        """
+        `get_verified_chain` raises error when cert verification fails.
+        """
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.add_cert(self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.get_verified_chain()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get issuer certificate"
+        assert exc.value.certificate.get_subject().CN == "intermediate"
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def root_ca_file(self, tmpdir):
+        return self._create_ca_file(tmpdir, "root_ca_hash_dir", self.root_cert)
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def intermediate_ca_file(self, tmpdir):
+        return self._create_ca_file(
+            tmpdir, "intermediate_ca_hash_dir", self.intermediate_cert
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_ca_file(base_path, hash_directory, cacert):
+        ca_hash = "{:08x}.0".format(cacert.subject_name_hash())
+        cafile = base_path.join(hash_directory, ca_hash)
+        cafile.write_binary(
+            dump_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, cacert), ensure=True
+        )
+        return cafile
+
+    def test_verify_with_ca_file_location(self, root_ca_file):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(str(root_ca_file))
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+    def test_verify_with_ca_path_location(self, root_ca_file):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(None, str(root_ca_file.dirname))
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_cert)
+        store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+    def test_verify_with_cafile_and_capath(
+        self, root_ca_file, intermediate_ca_file
+    ):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(
+            cafile=str(root_ca_file), capath=str(intermediate_ca_file.dirname)
+        )
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+    def test_verify_with_multiple_ca_files(
+        self, root_ca_file, intermediate_ca_file
+    ):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(str(root_ca_file))
+        store.load_locations(str(intermediate_ca_file))
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_server_cert)
+        store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+    def test_verify_failure_with_empty_ca_directory(self, tmpdir):
+        store = X509Store()
+        store.load_locations(None, str(tmpdir))
+
+        store_ctx = X509StoreContext(store, self.intermediate_cert)
+        with pytest.raises(X509StoreContextError) as exc:
+            store_ctx.verify_certificate()
+
+        assert exc.value.args[0][2] == "unable to get local issuer certificate"
+
+
+class TestSignVerify(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `OpenSSL.crypto.sign` and `OpenSSL.crypto.verify`.
+    """
+
+    def test_sign_verify(self):
+        """
+        `sign` generates a cryptographic signature which `verify` can check.
+        """
+        content = (
+            b"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            b"thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            b"effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            b"glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            b"prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him."
+        )
+
+        # sign the content with this private key
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        # verify the content with this cert
+        good_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        # certificate unrelated to priv_key, used to trigger an error
+        bad_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, server_cert_pem)
+
+        for digest in ["md5", "sha1"]:
+            sig = sign(priv_key, content, digest)
+
+            # Verify the signature of content, will throw an exception if
+            # error.
+            verify(good_cert, sig, content, digest)
+
+            # This should fail because the certificate doesn't match the
+            # private key that was used to sign the content.
+            with pytest.raises(Error):
+                verify(bad_cert, sig, content, digest)
+
+            # This should fail because we've "tainted" the content after
+            # signing it.
+            with pytest.raises(Error):
+                verify(good_cert, sig, content + b"tainted", digest)
+
+        # test that unknown digest types fail
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            sign(priv_key, content, "strange-digest")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            verify(good_cert, sig, content, "strange-digest")
+
+    def test_sign_verify_with_text(self):
+        """
+        `sign` generates a cryptographic signature which
+        `verify` can check. Deprecation warnings raised because using
+        text instead of bytes as content
+        """
+        content = (
+            b"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            b"thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            b"effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            b"glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            b"prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him."
+        ).decode("ascii")
+
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        for digest in ["md5", "sha1"]:
+            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
+                simplefilter("always")
+                sig = sign(priv_key, content, digest)
+            assert "{0} for data is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+            ) == str(w[-1].message)
+
+            with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
+                simplefilter("always")
+                verify(cert, sig, content, digest)
+            assert "{0} for data is no longer accepted, use bytes".format(
+                WARNING_TYPE_EXPECTED
+            ) == str(w[-1].message)
+
+    def test_sign_verify_ecdsa(self):
+        """
+        `sign` generates a cryptographic signature which `verify` can check.
+        ECDSA Signatures in the X9.62 format may have variable length,
+        different from the length of the private key.
+        """
+        content = (
+            b"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            b"thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            b"effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            b"glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            b"prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him."
+        )
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, ec_root_key_pem)
+        cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, ec_root_cert_pem)
+        sig = sign(priv_key, content, "sha1")
+        verify(cert, sig, content, "sha1")
+
+    def test_sign_nulls(self):
+        """
+        `sign` produces a signature for a string with embedded nulls.
+        """
+        content = b"Watch out!  \0  Did you see it?"
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, root_key_pem)
+        good_cert = load_certificate(FILETYPE_PEM, root_cert_pem)
+        sig = sign(priv_key, content, "sha1")
+        verify(good_cert, sig, content, "sha1")
+
+    def test_sign_with_large_key(self):
+        """
+        `sign` produces a signature for a string when using a long key.
+        """
+        content = (
+            b"It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking "
+            b"thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into his breast in an "
+            b"effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the "
+            b"glass doors of Victory Mansions, though not quickly enough to "
+            b"prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him."
+        )
+
+        priv_key = load_privatekey(FILETYPE_PEM, large_key_pem)
+        sign(priv_key, content, "sha1")
+
+
+class TestEllipticCurve(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `_EllipticCurve`, `get_elliptic_curve`, and
+    `get_elliptic_curves`.
+    """
+
+    def test_set(self):
+        """
+        `get_elliptic_curves` returns a `set`.
+        """
+        assert isinstance(get_elliptic_curves(), set)
+
+    def test_a_curve(self):
+        """
+        `get_elliptic_curve` can be used to retrieve a particular supported
+        curve.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        curve = next(iter(curves))
+        assert curve.name == get_elliptic_curve(curve.name).name
+
+    def test_not_a_curve(self):
+        """
+        `get_elliptic_curve` raises `ValueError` if called with a name which
+        does not identify a supported curve.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            get_elliptic_curve(u"this curve was just invented")
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        """
+        The string representation of a curve object includes simply states the
+        object is a curve and what its name is.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        curve = next(iter(curves))
+        assert "<Curve %r>" % (curve.name,) == repr(curve)
+
+    def test_to_EC_KEY(self):
+        """
+        The curve object can export a version of itself as an EC_KEY* via the
+        private `_EllipticCurve._to_EC_KEY`.
+        """
+        curves = get_elliptic_curves()
+        curve = next(iter(curves))
+        # It's not easy to assert anything about this object.  However, see
+        # leakcheck/crypto.py for a test that demonstrates it at least does
+        # not leak memory.
+        curve._to_EC_KEY()
+
+
+class EllipticCurveFactory(object):
+    """
+    A helper to get the names of two curves.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        curves = iter(get_elliptic_curves())
+        self.curve_name = next(curves).name
+        self.another_curve_name = next(curves).name
+
+
+class TestEllipticCurveEquality(EqualityTestsMixin):
+    """
+    Tests `_EllipticCurve`'s implementation of ``==`` and ``!=``.
+    """
+
+    curve_factory = EllipticCurveFactory()
+
+    if curve_factory.curve_name is None:
+        skip = "There are no curves available there can be no curve objects."
+
+    def anInstance(self):
+        """
+        Get the curve object for an arbitrary curve supported by the system.
+        """
+        return get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+
+    def anotherInstance(self):
+        """
+        Get the curve object for an arbitrary curve supported by the system -
+        but not the one returned by C{anInstance}.
+        """
+        return get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.another_curve_name)
+
+
+class TestEllipticCurveHash(object):
+    """
+    Tests for `_EllipticCurve`'s implementation of hashing (thus use as
+    an item in a `dict` or `set`).
+    """
+
+    curve_factory = EllipticCurveFactory()
+
+    if curve_factory.curve_name is None:
+        skip = "There are no curves available there can be no curve objects."
+
+    def test_contains(self):
+        """
+        The ``in`` operator reports that a `set` containing a curve does
+        contain that curve.
+        """
+        curve = get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+        curves = set([curve])
+        assert curve in curves
+
+    def test_does_not_contain(self):
+        """
+        The ``in`` operator reports that a `set` not containing a curve
+        does not contain that curve.
+        """
+        curve = get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.curve_name)
+        curves = set(
+            [get_elliptic_curve(self.curve_factory.another_curve_name)]
+        )
+        assert curve not in curves