libavformat: add RCWT closed caption muxex

Signed-off-by: Marth64 <marth64@proxyid.net>

Raw Captions With Time (RCWT) is a format native to ccextractor, a commonly
used open source tool for processing 608/708 closed caption (CC) sources.
It can be used to archive the original, raw CC bitstream and to produce
a source file file for later CC processing or conversion. As a result,
it also allows for interopability with ccextractor for processing CC data
extracted via ffmpeg. The format is simple to parse and can be used
to retain all lines and variants of CC.

A free specification of RCWT can be found here:
https://github.com/CCExtractor/ccextractor/blob/master/docs/BINARY_FILE_FORMAT.TXT
This muxer implements the specification as of 01/05/2024, which has
been stable and unchanged for 10 years as of this writing.

This muxer will have some nuances from the way that ccextractor muxes RCWT.
No compatibility issues when processing the output with ccextractor
have been observed as a result of this so far, but mileage may vary
and outputs will not be a bit-exact match.

Specifically, the differences are:
(1)  This muxer will identify as "FF" as the writing program identifier, so
as to be honest about the output's origin.

(2)  ffmpeg's MPEG-1/2, H264, HEVC, etc. decoders extract closed captioning
data differently than ccextractor from embedded SEI/user data.
For example, DVD captioning bytes will be translated to ATSC A53 format.
This allows ffmpeg to handle 608/708 in a consistant way downstream.
This is a lossless conversion and the meaningful data is retained.

(3)  This muxer will not alter the extracted data except to remove invalid
packets in between valid CC blocks. On the other hand, ccextractor
will by default remove mid-stream padding, and add padding at the end
of the stream (in order to convey the end time of the source video).

6 files changed, 230 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Changelog b/Changelog
index 5b2899d05b..4e7c1ce2c1 100644
--- a/Changelog
+++ b/Changelog
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ version <next>:
 - lavu/eval: introduce randomi() function in expressions
 - VVC decoder
 - fsync filter
+- Raw Captions with Time (RCWT) closed caption muxer
 
 version 6.1:
 - libaribcaption decoder
diff --git a/doc/muxers.texi b/doc/muxers.texi
index 1c88816c3c..4862540f79 100644
--- a/doc/muxers.texi
+++ b/doc/muxers.texi
@@ -2583,6 +2583,28 @@ ogg files can be safely chained.
 
 @end table
 
+@anchor{rcwt}
+@section rcwt
+
+Raw Captions With Time (RCWT) is a format native to ccextractor, a commonly
+used open source tool for processing 608/708 closed caption (CC) sources.
+It can be used to archive the original, raw CC bitstream and to produce
+a source file for later CC processing or conversion. As a result,
+it also allows for interopability with ccextractor for processing CC data
+extracted via ffmpeg. The format is simple to parse and can be used
+to retain all lines and variants of CC.
+
+This muxer implements the specification as of 2024-01-05, which has
+been stable and unchanged for 10 years as of this writing.
+
+This muxer will have some nuances from the way that ccextractor muxes RCWT.
+No compatibility issues when processing the output with ccextractor
+have been observed as a result of this so far, but mileage may vary
+and outputs will not be a bit-exact match.
+
+A free specification of RCWT can be found here:
+@url{https://github.com/CCExtractor/ccextractor/blob/master/docs/BINARY_FILE_FORMAT.TXT}
+
 @anchor{segment}
 @section segment, stream_segment, ssegment
 
diff --git a/libavformat/Makefile b/libavformat/Makefile
index 581e378d95..dcc99eeac4 100644
--- a/libavformat/Makefile
+++ b/libavformat/Makefile
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ OBJS-$(CONFIG_QOA_DEMUXER)               += qoadec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_R3D_DEMUXER)               += r3d.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_RAWVIDEO_DEMUXER)          += rawvideodec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_RAWVIDEO_MUXER)            += rawenc.o
+OBJS-$(CONFIG_RCWT_MUXER)                += rcwtenc.o subtitles.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_REALTEXT_DEMUXER)          += realtextdec.o subtitles.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_REDSPARK_DEMUXER)          += redspark.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_RKA_DEMUXER)               += rka.o apetag.o img2.o
diff --git a/libavformat/allformats.c b/libavformat/allformats.c
index ce6be5f04d..b04b43cab3 100644
--- a/libavformat/allformats.c
+++ b/libavformat/allformats.c
@@ -389,6 +389,7 @@ extern const AVInputFormat  ff_qoa_demuxer;
 extern const AVInputFormat  ff_r3d_demuxer;
 extern const AVInputFormat  ff_rawvideo_demuxer;
 extern const FFOutputFormat ff_rawvideo_muxer;
+extern const FFOutputFormat ff_rcwt_muxer;
 extern const AVInputFormat  ff_realtext_demuxer;
 extern const AVInputFormat  ff_redspark_demuxer;
 extern const AVInputFormat  ff_rka_demuxer;
diff --git a/libavformat/rcwtenc.c b/libavformat/rcwtenc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..839436ce84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libavformat/rcwtenc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+/*
+ * Raw Captions With Time (RCWT) muxer
+ * Author: Marth64 <marth64@proxyid.net>
+ *
+ * This file is part of FFmpeg.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Raw Captions With Time (RCWT) is a format native to ccextractor, a commonly
+ * used open source tool for processing 608/708 closed caption (CC) sources.
+ * It can be used to archive the original, raw CC bitstream and to produce
+ * a source file for later CC processing or conversion. As a result,
+ * it also allows for interopability with ccextractor for processing CC data
+ * extracted via ffmpeg. The format is simple to parse and can be used
+ * to retain all lines and variants of CC.
+ *
+ * This muxer implements the specification as of 2024-01-05, which has
+ * been stable and unchanged for 10 years as of this writing.
+ *
+ * This muxer will have some nuances from the way that ccextractor muxes RCWT.
+ * No compatibility issues when processing the output with ccextractor
+ * have been observed as a result of this so far, but mileage may vary
+ * and outputs will not be a bit-exact match.
+ *
+ * Specifically, the differences are:
+ * (1) This muxer will identify as "FF" as the writing program identifier, so
+ *     as to be honest about the output's origin.
+ *
+ * (2) ffmpeg's MPEG-1/2, H264, HEVC, etc. decoders extract closed captioning
+ *     data differently than ccextractor from embedded SEI/user data.
+ *     For example, DVD captioning bytes will be translated to ATSC A53 format.
+ *     This allows ffmpeg to handle 608/708 in a consistant way downstream.
+ *     This is a lossless conversion and the meaningful data is retained.
+ *
+ * (3) This muxer will not alter the extracted data except to remove invalid
+ *     packets in between valid CC blocks. On the other hand, ccextractor
+ *     will by default remove mid-stream padding, and add padding at the end
+ *     of the stream (in order to convey the end time of the source video).
+ *
+ * A free specification of RCWT can be found here:
+ * @url{https://github.com/CCExtractor/ccextractor/blob/master/docs/BINARY_FILE_FORMAT.TXT}
+ */
+
+#include "avformat.h"
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "mux.h"
+#include "libavutil/log.h"
+#include "libavutil/intreadwrite.h"
+
+#define RCWT_CLUSTER_MAX_BLOCKS             65535
+#define RCWT_BLOCK_SIZE                     3
+
+typedef struct RCWTContext {
+    int cluster_nb_blocks;
+    int cluster_pos;
+    int64_t cluster_pts;
+    uint8_t cluster_buf[RCWT_CLUSTER_MAX_BLOCKS * RCWT_BLOCK_SIZE];
+} RCWTContext;
+
+static void rcwt_init_cluster(AVFormatContext *avf)
+{
+    RCWTContext *rcwt = avf->priv_data;
+
+    rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks = 0;
+    rcwt->cluster_pos = 0;
+    rcwt->cluster_pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
+    memset(rcwt->cluster_buf, 0, sizeof(rcwt->cluster_buf));
+}
+
+static void rcwt_flush_cluster(AVFormatContext *avf)
+{
+    RCWTContext *rcwt = avf->priv_data;
+
+    if (rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks > 0) {
+        avio_wl64(avf->pb, rcwt->cluster_pts);
+        avio_wl16(avf->pb, rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks);
+        avio_write(avf->pb, rcwt->cluster_buf, (rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks * RCWT_BLOCK_SIZE));
+    }
+
+    rcwt_init_cluster(avf);
+}
+
+static int rcwt_write_header(AVFormatContext *avf)
+{
+    if (avf->nb_streams != 1 || avf->streams[0]->codecpar->codec_id != AV_CODEC_ID_EIA_608) {
+        av_log(avf, AV_LOG_ERROR,
+                "RCWT supports only one CC (608/708) stream, more than one stream was "
+                "provided or its codec type was not CC (608/708)\n");
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    avpriv_set_pts_info(avf->streams[0], 64, 1, 1000);
+
+    /* magic number */
+    avio_wb16(avf->pb, 0xCCCC);
+    avio_w8(avf->pb, 0xED);
+
+    /* program version (identify as ffmpeg) */
+    avio_wb16(avf->pb, 0xFF00);
+    avio_w8(avf->pb, 0x60);
+
+    /* format version, only version 0.001 supported for now */
+    avio_wb16(avf->pb, 0x0001);
+
+    /* reserved */
+    avio_wb16(avf->pb, 0x000);
+    avio_w8(avf->pb, 0x00);
+
+    rcwt_init_cluster(avf);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int rcwt_write_packet(AVFormatContext *avf, AVPacket *pkt)
+{
+    RCWTContext *rcwt = avf->priv_data;
+
+    int in_block = 0;
+    int nb_block_bytes = 0;
+
+    if (pkt->size == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    /* new PTS, new cluster */
+    if (pkt->pts != rcwt->cluster_pts) {
+        rcwt_flush_cluster(avf);
+        rcwt->cluster_pts = pkt->pts;
+    }
+
+    if (pkt->pts == AV_NOPTS_VALUE) {
+        av_log(avf, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Ignoring CC packet with no PTS\n");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pkt->size; i++) {
+        uint8_t cc_valid;
+        uint8_t cc_type;
+
+        if (rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks == RCWT_CLUSTER_MAX_BLOCKS) {
+            av_log(avf, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Starting new cluster due to size\n");
+            rcwt_flush_cluster(avf);
+        }
+
+        cc_valid = (pkt->data[i] & 0x04) >> 2;
+        cc_type = pkt->data[i] & 0x03;
+
+        if (!in_block && !(cc_valid || cc_type == 3))
+            continue;
+
+        memcpy(&rcwt->cluster_buf[rcwt->cluster_pos], &pkt->data[i], 1);
+        rcwt->cluster_pos++;
+
+        if (!in_block) {
+            in_block = 1;
+            nb_block_bytes = 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        nb_block_bytes++;
+
+        if (nb_block_bytes == RCWT_BLOCK_SIZE) {
+            in_block = 0;
+            nb_block_bytes = 0;
+            rcwt->cluster_nb_blocks++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int rcwt_write_trailer(AVFormatContext *avf)
+{
+    rcwt_flush_cluster(avf);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+const FFOutputFormat ff_rcwt_muxer = {
+    .p.name             = "rcwt",
+    .p.long_name        = NULL_IF_CONFIG_SMALL("Raw Captions With Time"),
+    .p.extensions       = "bin",
+    .p.flags            = AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER | AVFMT_VARIABLE_FPS | AVFMT_TS_NONSTRICT,
+    .p.subtitle_codec   = AV_CODEC_ID_EIA_608,
+    .priv_data_size     = sizeof(RCWTContext),
+    .write_header       = rcwt_write_header,
+    .write_packet       = rcwt_write_packet,
+    .write_trailer      = rcwt_write_trailer
+};
diff --git a/tests/fate/subtitles.mak b/tests/fate/subtitles.mak
index 59595b9cc1..d7edd31e85 100644
--- a/tests/fate/subtitles.mak
+++ b/tests/fate/subtitles.mak
@@ -118,6 +118,9 @@ fate-sub-scc: CMD = fmtstdout ass -ss 57 -i $(TARGET_SAMPLES)/sub/witch.scc
 FATE_SUBTITLES-$(call DEMMUX, SCC, SCC) += fate-sub-scc-remux
 fate-sub-scc-remux: CMD = fmtstdout scc -i $(TARGET_SAMPLES)/sub/witch.scc -ss 4:00 -map 0 -c copy
 
+FATE_SUBTITLES-$(call DEMMUX, SCC, RCWT) += fate-sub-rcwt
+fate-sub-rcwt: CMD = md5 -i $(TARGET_SAMPLES)/sub/witch.scc -map 0 -c copy -f rcwt
+
 FATE_SUBTITLES-$(call ALLYES, MPEGTS_DEMUXER DVBSUB_DECODER DVBSUB_ENCODER) += fate-sub-dvb
 fate-sub-dvb: CMD = framecrc -i $(TARGET_SAMPLES)/sub/dvbsubtest_filter.ts -map s:0 -c dvbsub