avcodec/bitstream: Add second function to create VLCs

When using ff_init_vlc_sparse() to create a VLC, three input tables are
used: A table for lengths, one for codes and one for symbols; the latter
one can be omitted, then a default one will be used. These input tables
will be traversed twice, once to get the long codes (which will be put
into subtables) and once for the small codes. The long codes are then
sorted so that entries that should be in the same subtable are
contiguous.

This commit adds an alternative to ff_init_vlc_sparse():
ff_init_vlc_from_lengths(). It is based upon the observation that if
lengths, codes and symbols tables are permuted (in the same way) so that
the codes are ordered from left to right in the corresponding tree and
if said tree is complete (i.e. every non-leaf node has two children),
the codes can be easily computed from the lengths and are therefore
redundant. This means that if one initializes such a VLC with explicitly
coded lengths, codes and symbols, the codes can be avoided; and even if
one has no explicitly coded symbols, it might still be beneficial to
remove the codes even when one has to add a new symbol table, because
codes are typically longer than symbols so that the latter often fit
into a smaller type, saving space.

Furthermore, given that the codes here are by definition ordered from
left to right, it is unnecessary to sort them again; for the same
reason, one does not have to traverse the input twice. This function
proved to be faster than ff_init_vlc_sparse() whenever it has been
benchmarked.

This function is usable for static tables (they can simply be permuted
once) as well as in scenarios where the tables are naturally ordered
from left to right in the tree; the latter e.g. happens with Smacker,
Theora and several other formats.

In order to make it also usable for (static) tables with incomplete trees,
negative lengths are used to indicate that there is an open end of a
certain length.

Finally, ff_init_vlc_from_lengths() has one downside compared to
ff_init_vlc_sparse(): The latter uses tables that can be reused by
encoders. Of course, one could calculate the needed table at runtime
if one so wishes, but it is nevertheless an obstacle.

Signed-off-by: Andreas Rheinhardt <andreas.rheinhardt@gmail.com>

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